<p>The Shreveport Water Works Museum, once known as the McNeil Street Pump Station, is a historic water pumping station at 142 North Common Street in Shreveport, Louisiana. A National Historic Landmark, it exhibits in situ a centurys worth of water pumping equipment, and was the nations last steam-powered waterworks facility when it was shut down in 1980. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1982.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Shreveport Water Works Museum is located west of Shreveports downtown, between North Common Avenue and Twelve Mile Bayou, which feeds into the Red River just north of downtown. The complex consists of a group of predominantly brick buildings, which house in them a variety of pumping equipment, dating from 1892 to about 1921. The oldest buildings date to 1887, when the city contracted for the construction of a waterworks facility to replace a combination of cisterns and wells that had become inadequate to meet the citys needs. As the technology for pumping and filtering water changed, either the existing buildings were altered, or new ones built, in many cases leaving some of the older equipment in place. It saw significant changes to the plant in the first decade of the 20th century, and again after the city purchased the plant from its private operator in 1917. The city continued to operate the steam pumps through the 1970s, even as they were becoming obsolete due to advances in electric pumping engines.</p><br>
<p>The station was closed in 1980. The property was afterward converted to a museum, featuring displays of the restored steam machinery, including pumps, filters and other equipment.</p><br>
<p>The Shreveport Railroad Museum is located on the grounds of the Shreveport Water Works Museum.</p><br>
<p>Ursuline Convent was a series of historic Ursuline convents in New Orleans, Louisiana.</p><br>
<h2>The first building</h2><br>
<p>The first building for the Ursuline nuns in New Orleans was designed by Ignace François Broutin in 1727 when the nuns arrived in New Orleans. Michael Zeringue (Johann Michael Zehringer), the King&#39;s Master Carpenter from Franconia, Bavaria and progenitor of all "Zeringue" families in Louisiana was the builder. Planning, collecting material, and construction took years. Existing drawings show the building in 1733, although it was not officially finished until the following year.</p><br>
<p>Colombage (half-timbered) or briquette-entre-poteaux (brick-between-post) was the major form of French Colonial construction in the colony during the 18th century (see also Pitot House). Usually the exterior walls were then given a protective covering of stucco or wooden boards; but the fact that the timbered walls of the Ursuline Convent were left exposed is confirmed by a drawing from 1737. Such construction proved to be inappropriate for the humid climate of New Orleans (with significant deterioration already apparent by 1745), in addition to being a fire hazard.</p><br>
<h2>The historic second building</h2><br>
<p>In 1745 plans for a new building of brick and protected colombage were prepared by Ignace Broutin. The contractor was Claude Joseph Villars Dubreuil, Contractor of Public Works for the King. His wife, Marie Payen de Noyan, was Bienville&#39;s sister. This structure was completed in 1751. It is likely that Alexandre de Batz also took part in the design because several payments are listed to him for work on the new building. The new building was laid out adjacent to the site of the older structure, and some materials from the older building were used in the construction of the newer one.</p><br>
<p>Built of stucco-covered brick, the new building, also known as Old Ursuline Convent, is typical for the French neoclassical architecture. It is a formal, symmetrical building, severely designed in its lack of ornamentation. No applied orders of pilasters or columns relieved the plain walls. Only the slightly arched window set in shallow moldings, the rusticated quoins at the corners and narrow central pedimented pavilion break the even rhythm of the fenestration. The broad plain hipped roof, broken only by small low-set dormers contrasts well with the multi-windowed façade and completes the austere but not unpleasant, finely proportioned building.</p><br>
<p>The ground floor was used largely for the dormitory, classrooms, refectory, and infirmary of the orphanage, maintained by the nuns. The second floor contained cells for the nuns, a library, (another) infirmary, and storerooms. The winding stairway visible from the main entrance hallway is believed to be from the original convent, installed in the new building.</p><br>
<h3>Details</h3><br>
<p>"This is the finest surviving example of French colonial public architecture in the country," states the National Park Service. It is by some accounts the oldest structure in New Orleans, built between 1748 and 1752.</p><br>
<p>It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1960.</p><br>
<p>The convent and its associated school, Ursuline Academy, moved downriver to a site on Dauphine Street in the 9th Ward in 1824, turning over the original convent to the Bishop of New Orleans. It was then referred to as the “Archbishop’s Palace". In 1912 the convent moved uptown to State Street.</p><br>
<h3>Later additions</h3><br>
<p>The entrance portico was added by the Bishop, who also constructed the gatehouse around 1825-1830 and reoriented the building, which originally faced the river, to have the main entrance on what had been the back side (Chartres Street). The Ursuline property covered two city squares, extending to Royal Street. An old ground plan shows a chapel at the corner of Ursulines and Decatur Streets, dedicated to Our Lady of Victory. Near the entrance to the grounds, along the levee, were also a reception house for visitors, the day school, and a residence for the chaplain. Between these buildings and the convent were gardens. To the right, moving up from the riverside entrance, were the hospital buildings, and beyond them military barracks.</p><br>
<p>Despite great interior alterations and decay, the Convent is considered one of the most important historical and religious landmarks in the United States and is one of the few remaining physical links with the French colonial period in Louisiana.</p><br>
<h2>The third building</h2><br>
<p>In 1824 the nuns moved to a new larger convent in the citys 9th Ward, and the present structure was turned over to the Bishop of New Orleans as a residence, and for a while came to be called "the Archbishops Palace". After 1899 it continued in use as offices for the Archdiocese and still later as a rectory for the adjacent St. Mary&#39;s Church.</p><br>
<p>Melrose Plantation, also known as Yucca Plantation, is a National Historic Landmark in Natchitoches Parish in north central Louisiana. This is one of the largest plantations in the United States built by and for free blacks. The land was granted to Louis Metoyer, who had the "Big House" built beginning about 1832. He was a son of Marie Therese Coincoin, a former slave who became a wealthy businesswoman in the area, and Claude Thomas Pierre Métoyer. The house was completed in 1833 after Louis&#39; death by his son Jean Baptiste Louis Metoyer. The Metoyers were free people of color for four generations before the American Civil War.</p><br>
<p>The Association for Preservation of Historic Natchitoches owns the plantation and provides guided tours. Some early twentieth-century traditions associated with the plantation, such as its first owner and origins of architectural style, have been disproved by historic research since the 1970s. An archaeological excavation begun in 2001 has revealed more evidence about the early history of the site, its owners and construction. In 2008, the state included Melrose Plantation among the first 26 sites on the Louisiana African American Heritage Trail.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Real estate broker Robert Andrew Wolf, Jr. (1930-2016) of Alexandria, Louisiana, and his partner, John Wasson designed the current Melrose Plantation structure. They sold the building in 1970. Wolf was a past president of the Alexandria-Pineville Board of Realtors and in 1984 was named "Realtor of the Year".</p><br>
<p>In 1974, the National Park Service described the site as follows, based on historical knowledge at the time:</p><br>
<p>Established in the late 18th century by Marie Therese Coincoin, a former slave who became a wealthy businesswoman, the grounds of Yucca Plantation (now known as Melrose Plantation) contain what may well be the oldest buildings of African design built by Blacks, for the use of Blacks, in the country. The Africa House, a unique, nearly square structure with an umbrella-like roof which extends some 10 feet beyond the exterior walls on all four sides, may be of direct African derivation.</p><br>
<p>Buildings include the main house, the Yucca House, the Ghana House, and the Africa House, plus some outbuildings. The plantation was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1974.</p><br>
<p>Since the 1970s, additional documentary evidence has been found that disproves the asserted identity of the founder. In addition, no evidence has been found to support the tradition that the property was originally named Yucca Plantation. Early twentieth-century owners named the extant buildings as part of promoting the plantation as a cultural center. A 2002 study of Creole building practices showed that there was no evidence of African traditions in the architecture. The so-called Ghana House is a simple log cabin type common in the area. Similarly, Africa House has been shown to be of design and building techniques similar to French rural structures of the time.</p><br>
<p>Historical investigations from the 1970s, together with an archaeological investigation that began at Melrose Plantation in 2001, have uncovered evidence that both confirm some aspects and challenge other elements of local tradition about the complex. Research shows conclusively, through original contemporary records, that the core tract of 911 acres was granted in 1796 to Coincoin&#39;s second son, Louis Metoyer, not to Coincoin.</p><br>
<p>As the children of a French-American father and African mother, Louis and his siblings were considered multiracial "Créoles of color." Similar to the Metoyer siblings, many multiracial Creoles became educated property owners, particularly in New Orleans, Opelousas, and the Cane River and Campti areas of Natchitoches. Although not legally freed by his white father until 1802, Metoyer evaded Louisianas Code Noir that prohibited enslaved men from being granted land. This was probably due to his fathers wealth and standing.Mills, Elizabeth Shown. "Marie Therese Coincoin: 1742-1816." KnowLa Encyclopedia of Louisiana.</p><br>
<p>Contrary to the 1970s-era assessment of the property, which dated the construction of Louis Metoyers first residence (Yucca House) to the mid-1790s, review of three land surveys of 1813 show that Louis Metoyers residence was then south of the Red River (and south of the center of the Melrose complex). It was at the eastern edge of the plantation settled by his elder brother Augustin Metoyer. The archeology study of European ceramic ware at the Yucca House site south of the river suggests it was first occupied after 1810. Augustin Metoyer and his brother Louis were notable for founding and building the St. Augustine Parish (Isle Brevelle) Church in Natchez, Louisiana, the first in the state built by free people of color.</p><br>
<p>The plantation is significant for its long occupancy by the Metoyer family, which was prominent in Isle Brevelle, a strong center of the "Creoles of color" community. Construction began on the "Big House" at Melrose before the 11 March 1832 death of Louis Metoyer. His son Jean Baptiste Louis Metoyer completed the construction in 1833. At J. B. L.&#39;s death in 1838, his $112,761 estate (roughly $2,600,000 in 2007 purchasing power ) was divided between his young widow Marie-Susanne "Susette" Metoyer and a minor son, neither with any experience in financial matters. Amid the financial depression that followed the Panic of 1837, the mother and son fell heavily into debt. After the mother emancipated the teenaged Théophile Louis Metoyer from the disabilities of minority, creditors filed a series of lawsuits. The Louis Metoyer Plantation went on the auction block.</p><br>
<p>On 22 March 1847, the Louis Metoyer plantation was struck off at $8,340 to the highest bidder, the French Créole brothers Hypolite Hertzog and Henry Hertzog—with the latter acting as agent for his sister Jeanne Fanny (Widow Dassize) Bossier. The Hertzogs and Bossier then operated a cotton plantation, in partnership, until 1880. Like most planters of the region in the wake of the American Civil War and Reconstruction, they struggled financially and were able to do little to improve or maintain the property. (The debtors who sued them included the widow of J. B. L. Metoyer.)</p><br>
<p>In December 1881, the Metoyer-Hertzog-Bossier Plantation (still unnamed at this point) was sold at auction to satisfy an 1879 judgment rendered against Hertzog-Bossier in Louisiana&#39;s Fifth District Circuit. The purchaser, F. R. Cauranneau of New Orleans, held the land and houses as an absentee owner until April 1884, when he found a buyer willing to pay $4,500 cash. The new owner, an Irish immigrant merchant named Joseph Henry, had married into a prominent local family. He gave the property the name Melrose, by which it is still known.</p><br>
<p>Analysis of glass and nails from the site confirms three major periods of occupancy of Yucca House, c. 1807-1821, c. 1874-1888 (renovation likely after the 1884 purchase by Joseph Henry), and c. 1916-1930 (renovation by Henry&#39;s son John and his wife Carmelite "Miss Cammie" Henry). Assessment of remains of European ceramic ware indicates initial occupancy of Yucca House was post-1810, contrary to the 1796 date that historians earlier had proposed.</p><br>
<p>Because of its strong association with the Metoyer family, Melrose Plantation is the major regional site for National Park Service interpretation of the history of Creoles of color in the region. In 2008, the state included Melrose Plantation among the first twenty-six sites on the Louisiana African American Heritage Trail.</p><br>
<p>The Edward Douglass White House, also known as Edward Douglass White Louisiana State Commemorative Area, is a state historic site near Thibodaux, Louisiana. The house was home to both Edward Douglass White, Sr., the tenth governor of the state of Louisiana, and his son, Edward Douglass White, a USA senator and a Chief Justice of the United States. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1976 for its association with the latter White, whose influential decision in Standard Oil Co. of New Jersey v. United States, while resulting in the breakup of Standard Oil, weakened the Sherman Antitrust Act by its adoption of the rule of reason.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The house was built from hand-hewn cypress as a Creole-style raised cottage. The house was built on the banks of Bayou Lafourche facing what is now Louisiana Highway 1. E.D. White, Sr. purchased the property in 1829 from Guillaume Arcement, and around 1834 began remodeling the house to reflect the prevalent Greek revival style of architecture. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1976.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The main floor includes a central hallway dividing four rooms, reflecting the typical symmetry of Greek Revival architecture. An inverted stairwell at the end of the hall leads to two bedrooms on the second floor. The high ceilings, wide front gallery, and raised brick cellar served to cool the house during the summer.</p><br>
<h2>Museum</h2><br>
<p>The house is owned by the Louisiana State Museum and is operated as a historic house museum known as the E. D. White Historic Site. An exhibit inside the home demonstrates the history of the Bayou Lafourche area, with features on the Chitimacha Indians, Acadian settlers, slavery, sugar cane plantations, and the White family.</p><br>
<p>Toqua  is a prehistoric and historic Native American site in Monroe County, Tennessee, located in the southeastern United States. Along with the Overhill Cherokee village for which the site was named, Toqua was home to a substantial pre-Cherokee town that thrived during the Mississippian period . One of the Toqua sites most outstanding features was a 25 ft platform mound built by the towns Mississippian inhabitants. The site&#39;s Mississippian occupation may have been the village of Tali, which was visited by the Hernando de Soto expedition in 1540.</p><br>
<p>The Toqua site is now submerged by Tellico Lake, an impoundment of the Little Tennessee River. The lake is managed by the Tennessee Valley Authority and the shoreline above the site is now a recreational area managed by the Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency.</p><br>
<h2>Geographical setting</h2><br>
<p>The Little Tennessee River, which flows westward from its source in the Appalachian Mountains, traverses northern Monroe County for roughly 40 mi before emptying into the Tennessee River near Lenoir City. Tellico Lake, created in 1979 by the construction of Tellico Dam at the mouth of the Little Tennessee, covers the lower 33 mi of the river and the lower 22 mi of the Tellico River. The Toqua site was situated along the south bank of the Little Tennessee at its confluence with Toqua Creek, approximately 22 mi above the mouth of the river.</p><br>
<p>The shoreline above the now-submerged Toqua site comprises the Toqua Day Use Area Beach and Boat Ramp, which is situated along Tennessee State Route 360 approximately 2 mi south of the road&#39;s junction with USA Route 411 at Vonore. The site can be easily be observed from both the road and the boat ramp.</p><br>
<h2>Historical information</h2><br>
<h3>Protohistory</h3><br>
<p>The Hernando de Soto expedition (1539–1543) most likely passed through the upper Tennessee Valley en route to the Coosa chiefdom in northern Georgia. The expedition, seeking a passage to the Pacific Ocean, landed at Florida in May 1539 and marched northward through what is now Georgia, South Carolina, and North Carolina before crossing the Blue Ridge Mountains via the Nolichucky River into the Tennessee Valley. After spending several weeks at Chiaha (near modern Douglas Dam), the expedition followed the French Broad River and Tennessee River to the village of Coste, which was on Bussell Island at the mouth of the Little Tennessee River. On July 9, 1540, the expedition left Coste, and followed the east bank of the Little Tennessee to the village of Tali, situated on the west bank of the river at what is now the Toqua site. The expedition&#39;s chroniclers noted that the river at this point was too deep to ford. The sight of the Spaniards nevertheless created a general panic in Tali, and the villagers attempted to flee downstream in canoes. De Soto apparently deployed his soldiers and forced the Talians to return. The chief of Tali gave the expedition four women and two porters, and the expedition departed southward the following day. The chief of Tali continued to send rations of sofkee (a gruel similar to hominy grits) and other food until the expedition reached Coosa on July 16.</p><br>
<h3>The Cherokee period</h3><br>
<p>The name "Toqua" comes from the Cherokee word Dakwa&#39;yi, meaning "fish place." The name was rooted in a Cherokee legend regarding the Dakwa, or "Great Fish," that lived at the mouth of Toqua Creek. Toqua first appears in the historical record in 1751, when it was listed as the base of a trader named Anthony Dean. In 1756, Toqua sent 30 warriors to aide the British during the French and Indian War. Willanawaw, who was chief of Toqua at this time, had previously been listed as a chief of nearby Tanasi. Henry Timberlake, whose peace mission visited the Overhill towns in 1761, noted that Willanawaw was still the headman at Toqua, and reported that the village was composed of 32 houses and a councilhouse. Toqua began to decline as Euro-American settlers pushed westward. The Overhill towns were repeatedly attacked during the American Revolution and the Cherokee–American wars (1776–1794), and Toqua itself was destroyed by John Sevier in 1788.</p><br>
<p>In the late 1790s, the Duke of Orleans (and future king of France) Louis-Philippe visited the Tellico Blockhouse as part of extensive travels undertaken while he was in exile. Louis-Philippe reported a councilhouse surrounded by 8-10 houses at a site some 3 mi south of the blockhouse, at what would have been the approximate location of Toqua, and gave a detailed description of the councilhouse&#39;s shape and composition.</p><br>
<p>Toqua still had a small population when the Cherokee sold their lands along the Little Tennessee to the USA government with the signing of the Calhoun Treaty in 1819. Shortly after the treaty, an early settler named John McGhee purchased several thousand acres along the Little Tennessee, including the Toqua site. McGhees descendants were still in possession of the property when the Tennessee Valley Authority began buying up the land for the creation of Tellico Reservoir in the 1960s.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeological work at Toqua</h2><br>
<p>John W. Emmert, working for the Bureau of Ethnology, conducted the first archaeological survey of the Toqua area in 1884. In the 1930s, a treasure hunter named George Barnes uncovered hundreds of human bones&mdash; most of which he discarded&mdash; while digging for artifacts at the Toqua site. In 1967, in anticipation of the flooding of the site by the construction of Tellico Dam, the University of Tennessee Department of Anthropology began an initial survey of the area to locate sites for further research. Toqua was chosen for excavation as the valley&#39;s last remaining Dallas-phase mound site.</p><br>
<p>One of the main goals of the University of Tennessees Toqua investigation was to identify the connection, if any, between the Little Tennessee Valleys Mississippian-period inhabitants and its later Cherokee inhabitants. Other goals included the establishment of a more definite Cherokee period of occupation and to search for evidence of pre-Mississippian occupation.</p><br>
<h3>Toqua's Mississippian period inhabitants</h3><br>
<p>Excavations at Toqua in the 1970s uncovered evidence typical of a Mississippian period village. The village consisted of a central pebble-covered plaza flanked by a large "platform" mound (known as "Mound A") and 57 dwellings. A smaller mound, known as "Mound B," was located in the southeastern corner of the village. At its height around 1400, the village covered 4.8 acre, although its size was later drastically reduced. The village was surrounded by a clay-covered palisade with bastions located at 60 ft intervals. Along with the village&#39;s layout, the excavation uncovered 477 confirmed human burials, 212 whole or partial ceramic vessels, and several thousand stone artifacts.</p><br>
<p>The Mississippian structures identified and investigated and the Toqua site included the two mounds and several dwellings. The construction of Mound A occurred in 16 phases and probably began in the 10th century. The mound was approximately 25 ft high and 154 ft in diameter, and topped by two structures, the largest of which measured 100 ft x 83 ft and contained a central hearth and benches. Excavations at the mound discovered a chert sword, a pot filled with marsh elder seeds, and two high-status female burials. Mound B was 6 ft high and 93 ft in diameter, and contained numerous cremated human remains. A typical Mississippian-period dwelling at the Toqua site consisted of 400 ft&sup2; of living space, a central hearth, storage areas, and interior partitions.</p><br>
<p>Analysis of the human remains uncovered at Toqua determined that the height of the average male was 56" and the height of the average female was 51". Life expectancy was just 17.1 years for males and 15.1 years for females. Many of the remains showed signs of widespread iron-deficiency, possibly due to a diet relying too much upon corn and consisting of little meat. At its height, the village probably had a population of between 250 and 300.</p><br>
<p>Toqua was likely the dominant village in the Little Tennessee Valley between 1250 and 1500. An increase in mass burials and the reduction of the village to nearly one-half its size in the 16th century indicate a possible decline at Toqua. The village was superseded by rising Dallas Phase occupations at Tomotley (almost adjacent to Toqua) and Citico (several miles upstream).</p><br>
<h3>Conclusions</h3><br>
<p>While excavators were able to establish a rough period of Cherokee occupation at Toqua by matching archaeological finds with historical data, the projects main goal&mdash; identifying the relationship between Toquas Cherokee and pre-Cherokee inhabitants&mdash; remained inconclusive. Investigators found no evidence of a "continued" occupation from the Mississippian period to the Overhill period, and the link between the Cherokee and pre-Cherokee inhabitants of the Little Tennessee Valley remains an unresolved issue.</p><br>
<p>Baker&#39;s Bay Golf & Ocean Club is a private resort community in the Northeastern Bahamas. The development is located near Baker&#39;s Bay in Great Guana Cay situated between the Sea of Abaco and the Atlantic Ocean. The 585 acre project is a resort development of 385 homes. Developed by Discovery Land Company, the project will include a Tom Fazio-designed 18 hole golf course, 200-slip marina, Marina Village resort area, and a private club that includes beach club and spa.</p><br>
<h2>Lawsuits</h2><br>
<p>The majority of Great Guana Cay residents have taken Baker&#39;s Bay Club to court. A group of residents, supported by the coral reef conservation community, believe the development will destroy their coral reef.</p><br>
<p>Seventy five of the ninety one Bahamians on Great Guana Cay oppose Baker&#39;s Bay Club over the subject of whether the central government of the Bahamas has the right to offer public land to foreign developers at the expense of Bahamian use and preservation of the land.</p><br>
<p>The initial lawsuit by Save Guana Cay Reef lost in the Supreme Court after the developer halted development for several months.</p><br>
<p>In a Freeport Tribune article, attorney Fred Smith was quoted, "We believe we have a very strong case, and have been denied due process. The issue of the ability of the Prime Minister to bind the country as to Heads of Agreement will be determined at the highest level… for the future development of the Bahamas, these are matters which are of fundamental importance."</p><br>
<p>In 2006, Jean-Michel Cousteau stated in a letter to the Prime Minister, "...the Bakers Bay Golf and Ocean Club development on Great Guana Cay may undermine the environmental health of the region; specifically affecting the nesting sea turtles of Gumelemi Cay and to the north, and impacting the neighboring reefs adjacent to the proposed golf course."</p><br>
<p>The Gatehouse on Deerhill Road is located on that street in the village of Cornwall on Hudson, New York, United States. It is a one-and-a-half-story stucco building in the Norman style with a tiled roof and three-story tower, with balcony. The east facade has an entrance pavilion.</p><br>
<p>It was originally intended to be part of an estate with a large mansion, but that was never built. Eventually a smaller home was built by the Pagenstecher family, when they purchased the property in the 1920s. That house was in turn demolished in 1966, and two nieces of the Pagenstechers took up residence in the gates. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982 as a rare example of a castellated gatehouse in the Hudson Highlands. Many of the Norman-style interior appointments remain.</p><br>
<p>Balsam Mountain is one of the High Peaks of the Catskill Mountains in the USA state of New York. Its exact height has not been determined, so the highest contour line, 3,600 ft, is usually given as its elevation. It is located in western Ulster County, on the divide between the Hudson and Delaware watersheds. The summit and western slopes of the peak are within the Town of Hardenburgh and its eastern slopes are in Shandaken. The small community of Oliverea is near its base on that side. Most of the mountain is publicly owned, managed by the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation as part of the state Forest Preserve, part of the Big Indian-Beaverkill Range Wilderness Area in the Catskill Park. The summit is on a small corner of private land.</p><br>
<p>As one of the High Peaks it is a popular destination for hikers, especially peakbaggers seeking membership in the Catskill Mountain 3500 Club, since along with Slide, Panther and Blackhead it is one of four peaks that members must climb twice, at least once in winter. The Pine Hill-West Branch Trail (PHWB) crosses its summit; hikers usually approach from either side via the Oliverea-Mapledale Trail, which intersects the PHWB south of the summit, and make the ascent from there. The northwestern approach makes a loop route possible via the Mine Hollow Trail; the southeastern ascent, from McKenley Hollow, has the steepest stretch of trail on any ascent of a Catskill High Peak.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Balsam Mountain is one of several peaks on an officially unnamed range that carries the watershed divide to Winnisook Lake near Slide Mountain. It is the second northernmost peak on the range after Belleayre Mountain, and the northernmost to exceed 3,500 ft, the threshold for inclusion as a High Peak. A ridge almost two miles (3.2 km) in length separates it and Belleayre. South of Balsam the ridge turns to the southwest, connecting it to 3,420 ft Haynes Mountain after a mile (1.6 km). The summit, a small bump, is at the south end of a narrow ridge 2,000 ft in length with a slight dip between it and the false summit on the northern end.</p><br>
<p>On its east the slopes drop generally steeply down to Big Indian Hollow, the valley of the headwaters of Esopus Creek, around 1,200 ft above sea level. There some more gently sloped areas at mid-mountain level, around 2200 to 2700 ft, on the southeast side. Tributaries and subtributaries of the Esopus drain even steeper valleys radiating out in a fan-shaped pattern from Lost Clove at the northeast to McKenley (also McKinley) Hollow in the southeast.</p><br>
<p>The valleys on the west side are also steep but not as numerous, and converge at a higher elevation, 2,100 ft than the base on the eastern side. A narrow valley carries the combined streams down to Dry Brook, a tributary of the East Branch of the Delaware River. The northernmost valley, Mine Hollow, is the only one with an official name, the result of a failed attempt to mine gold believed to be in the area. The larger valley it forks off from is known informally as Rider Hollow.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Like the Catskills as a whole, a dissected plateau, Balsam was formed not through the uplift of rock layers but by the gradual erosion of stream valleys in an uplifted region about 350 mya. Its rock layers and bedrock are primarily Devonian and Silurian shale and sandstone. Later glaciation, primarily the Illinois and Wisconsin periods, shaped the slopes of the mountain, making them even steeper and gradually forming Esopus Creek from its meltwater.</p><br>
<p>The steeper slopes and deeper valley on the east side reflect the unusual orogeny of the Esopus and Panther Mountain to the east. The rocks of the stream are fractured and faulted much more than elsewhere in the Catskills, and it and its tributary Woodland Creek make an almost complete circle around the mountain, a rosette pattern similarly unusual in the region. Yngvar Isachsen of the New York State Geological Survey has found evidence strongly suggesting that the entire Panther Mountain region is the inverse form of a crater that formed after an ancient meteor impact when the Catskills were a river delta at the northeastern corner of the inland sea that is now the Allegheny Plateau. The rims of the crater wall were thus more prone to erosion and created a deeper valley for the eventual headwaters of the Esopus.</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<p>Balsams slopes are covered with typical forestation for their elevations in the Catskills. Northern hardwoods, primarily beech, birch and maple species, predominate, with some occasional cherry and mountain ash. Southern species such as oaks, isolated American chestnuts that survived the blight, shagbark hickory and dogwoods are located close to streams near the base. The northern hardwood species become more stunted and dwarfed at higher elevations, more so on the ridges. On the mountains summit, boreal species such as balsam fir and red spruce make an appearance, forming some small stands but not a continuous cover as is seen on higher peaks in the range. Around 1970, Catskill forest historian Michael Kudish found the few remaining trees in a fir stand at 3,150 ft on the north slope; these have since all died due to heavy deer browse. A large stand of tall hemlock is located in Mine Hollow around 2,400 ft.</p><br>
<p>Most of the upper forest remains in first growth, having never been logged or otherwise exploited. Kudish puts the average lower boundary of this area at around 2,300 ft. The sole exception is 2,940 ft on the north slope, where the absence old sugar maples and the presence of white ash are signs that a small area along the ridgeline was logged at some point in the past.</p><br>
<p>The mountain&#39;s forests support a diverse ecosystem of typical Catskill species. Black bear and white-tailed deer, both favorites of hunters, are the largest omnivores and herbivore mammalian species. Smaller mammals, mainly rodent species like porcupines and chipmunks are joined by salamanders and toads.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Iroquois tribes who first settled the Hudson Valley rarely went high into the mountains except to hunt. The earliest human settlements, by the descendants of Dutch and English colonists, near the mountain date to 1805. Small farms were established on the mountains lower slopes; as late as 1900 the USA Geological Survey quadrangle maps of the area show a road going up the ridge between Lost Clove and McKenley Hollow to a structure called Platts Cabin just below 2,500 ft. It was exceptionally high; most other farmland on that side went no higher than 1,800 ft. A 1910 photograph shows a small farm in the head of Rider Hollow on the west.</p><br>
<p>Balsam&#39;s slopes were originally more abundant in hemlock than they are now. Most were harvested by tanners for the tannin in their bark. Roads built to reach hemlock stands survive in McKenley Hollow as high as 2,360 ft. The Mine Hollow stand is located at the end of another one on the west side.</p><br>
<p>In 1885, political machinations by the Ulster County delegation to the state legislature led to the Catskill counties being included in the newly created Forest Preserve along with the Adirondacks. Tax-delinquent lands, many of them abandoned by loggers and tanners who had taken all the harvestable timber, which had become the countys by default were transferred to the state as a way of settling the countys outstanding property tax obligations to the state. They were to remain "forever wild", with no timber being harvested again from them. In 1894, a more strongly worded version of the law was incorporated into the state constitution as Article 14.</p><br>
<p>Under these provisions, the state bought most of the land it currently owns on Balsam, about three-quarters of the mountain, in 1918. By 1931 the trail that had been built up Belleayre for tourists to reach its lookout tower had been extended over Balsam and was marked as a state-maintained trail on maps. The other two trails had been built by that time as well, the Oliverea-Mapledale trail possibly following an old cattle-herding route over the ridge. A few years later, the pairs of lean-tos in McKenley and Rider hollows were built.</p><br>
<p>The large tract of state land on the range west of Esopus Creek and extending south toward the Beaver Kill Range was designated a wilderness area in the 1980s following a recommendation made in the first Catskill Park State Land Master Plan. This committed the state Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC) to manage the land with the goal of minimizing human impact as much as possible. Accordingly, the lower of the two McKenley Hollow lean-tos was removed as it had become a site for parties due to its proximity to the trailhead and parking lot on that side. The lower Rider Hollow lean-to burned in 1995 and was likewise not replaced.</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>Hikers usually approach Balsam from the south, by climbing the Oliverea-Mapledale Trail from either hollow to the PH-WB junction at 3,030 ft and then going up the summit from there. The eastern approach, from McKenley Hollow, is more frequently used as it is more convenient to NY 28, the main state highway through the central Catskills. It can be combined with the Mine Hollow Trail to make a loop route.</p><br>
<p>The McKenley Hollow approach begins at the parking lot 1 mile (1.6 km) west of County Route 47 in Oliverea, 1,600 ft above sea level, where state land begins on the south side of the brook that drains the hollow. The Oliverea-Mapledale Trail follows red plastic markers along the brook past the trail register and the former site of the first lean-to, then the second, in its first, climbing gently. It follows a wood road and begins to climb a little more, still paralleling the brook although higher above it, for the next 0.6 mile (1 km).</p><br>
<p>A series of stone steps in the trail here begin a section that climbs over 450 ft in the next 0.25 mile (400 m). This 35% grade is the steepest section of trail in the Catskills. At the top it levels off and reaches the trail junction.</p><br>
<p>On the Rider Hollow side, the trailhead at the end of Rider Hollow Road is at a higher elevation, 2,000 ft. Its first mile remains relatively level as it follows the brook on that side closely, passing the lean-to site on that side and a developed spring. The Mine Hollow Trail&#39;s yellow markers fork off to the left 0.4 mi from the parking lot. Almost a mile later, the trail crosses another tributary and begins to climb steeply, ascending 750 ft in the next 0.8 mi. After passing another spring below a rock ledge, the trail levels out and reaches the junction.</p><br>
<p>From the junction, the blue-blazed Pine Hill-West Branch Trail ascends the final 570 ft moderately up the 0.75 mi to the summit. Just below the summit a sign at 3,500 ft advises hikers of special DEC regulations allowing camping above that elevation only in wintertime, and prohibiting open fires. Shortly afterwards it crosses a corner of the large private holding that goes down to Lost Clove. The total ascent and mileage is 2,000 ft and 2.15 mi from McKenley Hollow, 1,600 ft and 1.95 mi from Rider Hollow.</p><br>
<p>After the summit the trail drops down slightly again. In the saddle between the two summits a small ledge allows for views to the northwest over the hamlet of Big Indian with West Kill, Hunter and Plateau mountains, all High Peaks, beyond. It is the only view available from the mountain when the leaves are up.</p><br>
<p>Hikers from Rider Hollow taking the Mine Hollow loop continue over the lower northern summit to where the trail begins a 700 ft descent through a rock cut down the north slope of Balsam to the Mine Hollow Trail junction, 1.3 mi north of the true summit. That trail descends at first steeply through more rock outcrops and then levels off in a hemlock grove. A mile (1.6 km) from the junction it reaches the Oliverea-Mapledale Trail. The loop&#39;s total length is 5.2 mi.</p><br>
<p>Backpackers doing overnight trips along the Pine Hill-West Branch Trail also climb the peak. From the northern end in Pine Hill, it is 4.3 mi over the southern summit of Belleayre Mountain. The southern terminus of the trail is near Frost Valley YMCA along County Route 47, 9.9 mi away, and entails climbing Big Indian, Eagle and Haynes mountains before Balsam.</p><br>
<p>Barton Academy is a historic Greek Revival school building located on Government Street in Mobile, Alabama, United States. It was under construction from 1836 to 1839 and was designed by architects James H. Dakin, Charles B. Dakin, and James Gallier, Sr. Gallier and the Dakin brothers also designed the nearby Government Street Presbyterian Church. Barton Academy was the first public school in the state of Alabama.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Barton Academy was named for Willoughby Barton, an Alabama state legislator from Mobile who introduced an act that created the Board of School Commissioners of Mobile County on January 10, 1826. This was the first education board in Alabama. The board bought all of the property in the block between Government, Cedar, Conti, and Lawrence Streets for $2750 in 1830.</p><br>
<p>Lack of funding stalled progress on the project until an act was passed in the state legislature that allowed the commissioners to raise funds through a lottery. By early 1836 the building committee had managed to pull together $50,000 in lottery funds, a $15,000 municipal loan, and additional private donations. This included a large private donation from local millionaire Henry Hitchcock, who was also on the building committee. Construction commenced on February 13, 1836, the same day as Government Street Presbyterian, with Charles Dakin as the supervising architect. Thomas James was hired as the mason, just as he was on the Government Street Presbyterian project.</p><br>
<p>The Barton building project proved to be more complex than the one on Government Street Presbyterian, with Dakin forced to spend much more of his time supervising the construction. Progress on the building was slow. Then, on March 9, 1837, the building committee determined that work done on the roof was incomplete or faulty, resulting in water damage to the interior plaster. The building was at least habitable by the summer of that year, however, and the building committee began holding their meetings upstairs. Interior paint was applied in September 1837, but the last of the finish work was not completed until January 1839.</p><br>
<p>Following completion, the Board of School Commissioners of Mobile County then allowed the building to be used for private and denominational schools, with some funding appropriated to them by the commissioners. An act in 1846 allowed for taxes to be collected for the establishment of a free Methodist school by the commission. The commission was behind another act on February 9, 1852 that would have allowed the commission to sell the building, which was now in need of maintenance and repairs, and distribute the proceeds among the existing schools, if approved by the voters. The electorate rejected this and subsequently elected a new board of commissioners.</p><br>
<p>After the election of the new board, the building was repaired and the system was reorganized. The building reopened as a public school in November 1852. The school was closed for the duration of the American Civil War. The Girls High School reopened in 1865, followed by the Boys High School in 1870. Both would continue at Barton until the opening of Murphy High School in 1926. The building was surveyed by the Historic American Buildings Survey several times from 1934 to 1937. It continued to serve as a school building until the 1960s when it was converted into the Central Office for the Mobile County Public School System. Barton was added to the National Register of Historic Places on 16 February 1970.</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>Barton Academy is three floors in height and is primarily constructed of brick which has been stuccoed and scored to look like ashlar. A heavy ground floor supports the main floor and the slightly smaller third floor. The building can be visually divided into a central block with a two-story, pedimented, hexastyle Ionic portico, five bays wide, with wrought-iron balustrades. A low-pitched hipped roof over this block is topped by a domed cupola that is ringed by 28 Ionic columns. The dome is surmounted by a lantern, patterned after the Choragic Monument of Lysicrates. To either side of the central block is a plain section, three bays wide. Adjoining these plain sections are east and west blocks, also three bays wide, with each bay defined by projecting pilasters.</p><br>
<p>Barton has had many unsympathetic additions over the years since construction, resulting in an interior that currently bears little resemblance to the original plan. That plan consisted of a central stair hall with flanking classrooms on all three levels. The original wooden windows have been replaced by metal ones. Only the interior of the rotunda under the dome remains in its original condition and configuration.</p><br>
<h2>Restoration efforts</h2><br>
<p>The Alabama Historical Commission and the Alabama Trust for Historic Preservation named Barton Academy as one of their "Places in Peril" in 2005, citing the school board&#39;s planned relocation of its administrative center and the general neglect that the structure had already suffered. Places in Peril is a list of threatened historic sites in Alabama. The school board relocated its central office in 2007 and was initially working with preservation agencies in an effort to have the building restored.</p><br>
<p>The restoration effort stalled on January 28, 2009, when the school board delayed a decision on setting aside an additional $700,000 for the renovation of Barton. The board had already dedicated $2.3 million to the restoration effort, but two board members stated opposition to spending any of the money on the structure, citing needs elsewhere in the school system. Barton was re-listed in 2009 on Alabama&#39;s "Places in Peril."</p><br>
<p>The former Alexander Classical School, today Alexander Town Hall, is located on Buffalo Street in Alexander, New York, United States. It is a three-story cobblestone building erected in the 1830s.</p><br>
<p>It has a number of distinctions among cobblestone buildings, many of which are located in the region of New York south of Lake Ontario where the cobblestones used were sourced. It is one of the few to reach three stories high, The upper floor serves as a local history museum.</p><br>
<p>First home to a private school, it later became a public school building after the private school failed. When that ended, the building became the town hall. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973, the southernmost listing in Genesee County and the only cobblestone building listed in the county.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>The building is located on the north side of Buffalo Street, roughly a quarter-mile (500 m) east of where it forks south from USA Route 20, of which it was once part. Alexander Central School is just across the street; the other buildings in the area are residential. The land slopes down towards Tonawanda Creek to the east.</p><br>
<p>Tall mature trees along Buffalo Street provide shade. A narrow walk in the middle of the lawn goes the depth of the setback, equivalent to the distance to the rear wall of neighboring houses. In the rear, on Church Street, is a large parking lot for town officials and employees.</p><br>
<p>The building itself is a three-story five-by-four-bay structure faced in cobblestones 4 – wide on the front set amid mortar. There are three rows of cobblestones per limestone quoin on the front and four per quoin on the end walls, where the stones are 2 – wide. The windowsills, lintels and water table are also of limestone.</p><br>
<p>Atop the building is a hip roof. A balustrade surrounds the cupola, with a rounded roof and overhanging cornice. At the northeast corner a single brick chimney pierces the roof. A fire escape is on the north wall near a one-story wood frame addition, and a concrete block garage projects from the west wall.</p><br>
<p>Stone steps rise to the original main entrance in the center of the south facade (the town uses the rear of the building as the main entrance, and gives its address as 3350 Church Street). The paneled front door is slightly recessed. It is flanked by round smooth Doric columns and sidelights. A transom above has been filled in with wood and the words "Town Hall" written on it.</p><br>
<p>The door opens onto a central hallway with large meeting rooms used by both town and village on either side. The second story is given over almost completely to another large meeting room and the third floor used as a museum. Some original finishings, such as plaster ceilings, high wooden wainscoting and deep window frames, remain from its early 20th century use as a public school.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1811 the first local library in the recently settled community of Alexander was established. since they believed the local children didn&#39;t receive a broad enough education in the public schools. The $7,000 ($ in contemporary dollars) cost was raised by subscription. A thousand of those dollars were contributed by State Senator Henry Hawkins, one of the leading businessmen of Alexander at the time.</p><br>
<p>Initially it was called the Alexander Classical School. In 1845, the mortgage was foreclosed. Hawkins donated it to the Genesee Presbyterian Church By the middle of the century the school reached its peak enrollment of 300 students, many boarders, drawn from 14 states.</p><br>
<p>Many were from the South, and their absence contributed to the schools closure during the Civil War. In the decades afterward, the school evolved from a private to a public institution, a transition aided by new state laws making education compulsory. In 1886 it became Alexanders Union Free School, with a three-year high school program. The interior was remodeled for the new purposes, but the exterior remained untouched A 1908 fire in the boiler room did slight damage to the first floor; another one broke out in 1937.</p><br>
<p>The building continued to be the Union Free School until 1937, when voters in the area took advantage of another state law and consolidated the 18 small local districts in the area into what is now the Alexander Central School District. A newer, larger school was built across the road, and students and teachers moved there in 1938.</p><br>
<p>Two years later, in 1940, the Town of Alexander moved its offices into the vacant building. The interior was converted at that time to its present layout to accommodate governmental functions. In 1949 the garage was added for the fire department.</p><br>
<p>In 1958 the museum was opened on the third floor. It had been started by students across the street in the History Diggers club who had been collecting artifacts from their grandparents. They ran out of space in their classroom and asked the Town Board for help. Its collection eventually grew to include a Jenny Lind Bed, the possession of a local man who once played for her on her 1850 American tour, and an ostrich egg donated by a local man who traveled extensively and wanted local children to be able to see things from outside the area.</p><br>
<p>Six years later, in 1964, the fire department moved out of the building into its own facility. Major renovations in the mid-1990s shored up the building&#39;s structural system and remodeled the entire interior. The grounds were restored to their original layout and appearance.</p><br>
<p>Lake St. Joseph is a large lake in Kenora District and Thunder Bay District in Northwestern Ontario, Canada. It is in the James Bay drainage basin and is the source of the Albany River. The east end of the lake can be reached using Ontario Highway 599 from the town of Ignace, 260 km to the south on Ontario Highway 17. The nearest town is Pickle Lake, 30 km north along Highway 599.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In fur trade days, the lake was part of a canoe route west from James Bay using the Albany River, Lake St. Joseph, the Root Portage, Lac Seul, the English River, the Winnipeg River, and Lake Winnipeg. The Hudson&#39;s Bay Company established Osnaburgh House on the lake in 1786, and it operated there until 1939.</p><br>
<h2>Fishing</h2><br>
<p>This lake is a large freshwater fishery with a wilderness designation. Persons wishing to fish this lake must receive a special permit from the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. This permit is in addition to any licenses needed. Access is restricted because of the wilderness designation. Most persons wishing to fish this lake will have to stay at one of the fishing camps operating on the eastern end of the lake. There is an outpost camp located on one of the islands in the centre of the lake. Main species are walleye, northern pike and yellow perch.</p><br>
<h2>Diversion</h2><br>
<p>An agreement was reached between the provinces of Manitoba and Ontario to undertake a diversion of Lake St. Joseph and enacted into law in 1958. The diversion was undertaken to expand a hydroelectric generating station at the outflow from Lac Seul into the English River at Ear Falls, to augment a station at Manitou Falls further downstream on the English River, and to augment generating stations further downstream on its parent rivers systems — the Winnipeg River and Nelson River — on the way to Hudson Bay. Dams at Rat Rapids at the Albany River outflow at the northeast of the lake partially back up the outflow and divert water over a control dam at south end of Root Bay at the southwest end of the lake, into the Root River in the adjacent Lac Seul drainage basin. The diversion channel is adjacent to the historic Root Portage.</p><br>
<h2>Tributaries</h2><br>
<p>Doran River</p><br>
<p>Miniss River</p><br>
<p>St. Raphael River</p><br>
<p>De Lesseps River</p><br>
<p>Cat River</p><br>
<p>Pembina River</p><br>
<p>Matapesatakun Creek</p><br>
<p>Doghole River</p><br>
<p>Emmanuel Episcopal Church is an historic Gothic Revival sandstone Episcopal church located at 717 Quincy Street in Rapid City, South Dakota, in the United States. On May 29, 1975, Emmanuel Church was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>National Register listing</h2><br>
<p>Emmanuel Episcopal Church (added 1975 - Building - #75001722)</p><br>
<p>717 Quincy St., Rapid City</p><br>
<p>Historic Significance: Event, Architecture/Engineering</p><br>
<p>Architect, builder, or engineer: Unknown</p><br>
<p>Architectural Style: Gothic, Other</p><br>
<p>Area of Significance: Architecture, Religion</p><br>
<p>Period of Significance: 1875-1899</p><br>
<p>Owner: Private</p><br>
<p>Historic Function: Religion</p><br>
<p>Historic Sub-function: Religious Structure</p><br>
<p>Current Function: Religion</p><br>
<p>Current Sub-function: Religious Structure</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Emmanuel Episcopal Church is the only downtown Rapid City church still in its original building. A small group began holding services in Rapid City in 1887, under the leadership of George G. Ware, a lay reader who was later ordained and became the first rector. The cornerstone of the original sandstone church was laid November 10, 1887, and the first services were held in the new building in 1888.</p><br>
<p>The church is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The original church building was enlarged by an addition to the south in the early 1940s, which also incorporated a stone Parish Hall adjacent on the east. In 1954, a large, new Parish Hall with a stage, kitchen and basement classrooms was added and, in 1991, an addition for office space and additional classrooms was completed.</p><br>
<p>The longest-serving Rector was the Rev. Mr. E. Jerome Pipes, who served from 1934 until 1960. Perhaps the best-remembered event of his tenure was the attendance of President Franklin D. Roosevelt at a regular Sunday service in 1936.</p><br>
<p>Rectors have included the Rev. Dr. Hanford L. King, Jr. (later Bishop of Idaho), 1960–1972; the Rev. Mr. Hewes “Doc” Phillips, 1972–1977; the Rev. Mr. David Anderson, 1978–1987; The Rev. Mr. David A. Cameron, 1987–2006; interim rectors the Very Rev. Dr. Robert Wagner (2006) and the Rev. Canon David L. Seger (2006-2008); Rev. Richard Ressler, (2008–2013) and the Rev. Chris Roussell (2013–Present).</p><br>
<h2>Current use</h2><br>
<p>Emmanuel Church is an active parish in the Episcopal Diocese of South Dakota.</p><br>
<p>Canterbury Presbyteria Church is located along Clinton Street in downtown Cornwall, New York, United States. It is a white stone and brick building in the Federal style, with later additions in a Colonial Revival style consistent with the earlier structure. Since 1996 it has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Services were last held in 2004 as the church merged into Cornwall Presbyterian Church, which had been founded by dissident members of Canterbury. The building has been used by several local nonprofit groups.</p><br>
<h2>Church and grounds</h2><br>
<p>The church follows a three-by-four-bay layout with distinctive Federal touches as symmetrical fenestration, fanlights and rectangular gable massing. It is one and a half storeys in height with the dominant bell tower, added later, reaching two stories. Two major additions have been built, both much later but consistent with the original style.</p><br>
<p>Much of the interior of the church is original. The floor plan has not been significantly altered, and the pews, furnishings, wainscoting and wall finishings are original.</p><br>
<p>A contributing resource to the listing is the original churchyard to the rear of the property. Fifty gravestones of past congregants have been identified, the earliest dating to the 1830s.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first Presbyterian congregation in the Cornwall area first met in 1824 under both the Canterbury name and the First Presbyterian Society in the village of Cornwall. The church was built two years later and then, in 1827, the 17 charter members, referring to themselves in their minutes as a "small and feeble band", formally organized as the First Presbyterian Church in Canterbury.</p><br>
<p>By 1829 the new church had more than tripled in size. In 1856 part of the congregation broke away to form the Cornwall Presbyterian Church when they disagreed with the prevailing abolitionist sentiment, and the strictness of Jonathan Silliman, the church&#39;s longtime pastor. Nine years later, in 1865, the remaining members raised funds to build the bell tower and new entrance vestibules. Further renovations came in 1891, when local contractor H. R. Taylor was hired to build a new chapel, named after The Rev. Jonathan Silliman, pastor from 1835–61. Electric lights were installed in the church sanctuary at that time.</p><br>
<p>Cornwall Presbyterian Church reunited with Canterbury in 1925, only to break away again in 1957 over other issues. Canterbury responded by adding onto the building again, with Hagen Hall, an addition to Silliman Chapel, in 1961. Its low gabled roof was modeled after the carriage shed it had replaced.</p><br>
<p>In the later years of the 20th century the church grew smaller and smaller, and began taking in tenants like the Arts Alliance, which brought films and dances to the building on weekends. These were well-attended, but ultimately it was not enough to save the church, and by 2003 it was down to 11 members. The walls were shaky enough to require temporary shoring up by steel struts.</p><br>
<p>On February 15, 2004, the last services were held, ending 178 years of church history. Members merged with Cornwall, which had become the dominant Presbyterian church in the town. Some of the artifacts from the church have been preserved and will be exhibited at the Cornwall Historical Society&#39;s museum at Town Hall.</p><br>
<p>Kalolimnos  is a small Greek island in the Dodecanese chain, lying between Kalymnos and Imia, opposite the coast of Turkey, in the Aegean Sea. It is part of the municipality of Kalymnos.</p><br>
<p>Kalolimnos reaches an altitude of 80 meters above sea level and has a total area of 1.95 square kilometers.</p><br>
<h2>Population</h2><br>
<p>As of the 2011 census, two citizens lived in Kalolimnos, and a permanent garrison is stationed there. The island is steep and rocky and has a population of wild goats.</p><br>
<h2>Infrastructure</h2><br>
<p>Kalolimnos features an old lighthouse which was constructed in 1864 by the French Company of Ottoman Lighthouses and a military building with a permanent army garrison.</p><br>
<h2>European migrant crisis</h2><br>
<p>During the European migrant crisis, Kalolimnos has been in the frontline of Greek islands that have witnessed the arrival of immigrants from Turkey and is the area where in October 2015 a migrant boat has capsized due to the bad weather, resulting to the drowning of four Syrian children. Operations were held by the Greek authorities for the rescue of the remaining survivors who then where transported to Kalymnos.</p><br>
<p>Lake Rweru is a lake close to the northernmost point of Burundi in central Africa. The northern shore of the lake forms part of Burundi&#39;s border with Rwanda. It is famous as the most distant startpoint of the Nile River. The Kagera River, which is considered by many as the start point of the Nile, rises at the northern part of the lake, located in Rwanda.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The lake has a surface area of 100 km&sup2; between two countries, Burundi (80 km&sup2;) and Rwanda (20 km&sup2;). The lake has a shoreline of approximately 76 km. The lake is very shallow in most parts and has a mean depth of 2.1 m with its maximum depth at 3 m located in Burundi. The Kagera River flows out of the lake in Burundi and flows east along Rwanda&#39;s border until it joins the Ruvubu River.</p><br>
<h2>Controversy</h2><br>
<p>In August 2015 fishermen in Burundi living around the lake in the Muyinga Province recovered over 40 unidentified bodies floating in the lake. Most of the bodies were wrapped in plastic flow into Burundi from Rwanda with the Kagera River. The bodies recovered were in the advance stages of decomposition, alarming the local villagers due to health concerns. Burundi claims that all the bodies recovered were Rwandan by nationality and there are no credible conclusions to how the bodies were killed. Both countries deny that the bodies are their citizens. The Federal Bureau of Investigation from the United States agreed to take the case after both countries showed lack of interest to look into the matter.</p><br>
<p>Mount Shinn is a mountain 4,661 meters in elevation, standing 6 km  southeast of Mount Tyree in the Sentinel Range, Ellsworth Mountains. It surmounts Ramorino Glacier to the north, upper Crosswell Glacier to the northeast, Goodge Col to the southeast, and Branscomb Glacier to the south-southwest.</p><br>
<p>The peak was discovered on IGY reconnaissance flights in January 1958, and named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) for Lieutenant Commander Conrad S. (Gus) Shinn, USA Navy, a pilot on some of these flights. Shinn was pilot of the Navy R4D aircraft carrying Admiral Dufek which, on October 31, 1956, made the first plane landing at the geographic South Pole. It had been thought to be over 4800m high, but was re-measured in 2001 by Damien Gildea and Rodrigo Fica of the Omega Foundation, using a Trimble 5700 GPS receiver and the Australian government&#39;s AUSPOS processing system.</p><br>
<h2>Maps</h2><br>
<p>Vinson Massif. Scale 1:250 000 topographic map. Reston, Virginia: US Geological Survey, 1988.</p><br>
<p>Slieve Rushen is a mountain which straddles the border between County Cavan in the Republic of Ireland and County Fermanagh in Northern Ireland. It is also called Slieve Russell or Ligavegra . It has an elevation of 404 metres above sea-level. OS 1/50k Mapsheet: 27A & 26. Grid Ref: H234 226.</p><br>
<p>The mountain is made up of grey limestone with a cap of sandstone and shales and is extensively quarried by local companies. The surface is mostly covered with peat, pine forests and grazing fields. The mountain contains several caves and swallow-holes including Pollnagollum (Slieve Rushen) and Tory Hole which are a popular destination for potholers. It forms part of the Slieve Rushen Bog Natural Heritage Area http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2005/si/432/made/en/print. A recent addition to the mountain is the Slieve Rushen Wind Farm for generating electricity.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>The name Slieve Rushen derives from the gaelic "Sliabh Ros-in" which means "The Mountain of the Little Wood". However an alternative explanation of the name is given in a Middle-Irish text c.1400 from The Yellow Book of Lecan entitled The Settling of the Manor of Tara, in which verse 34 states</p><br>
<p>"daughter of Toga of the grey stormy sea,</p><br>
<p>at that time ’twas a woman,</p><br>
<p>she from whom Sliabh Raisen is named.".</p><br>
<p>The earliest surviving mention of the name occurs in the Annals of the Four Masters for the year 1111 AD. "A predatory excursion was made by Toirdhealbhach Ua Conchobhair and he plundered Tearmann-Dabheog. Another predatory excursion was made by him; and he plundered as far as Beann-Eachlabhra, Sliabh-Ruisen, and Loch-Eirne".</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The mountain has been inhabited since at least 3,000 B.C. as is evident from the ancient court cairns and wedge tombs still surviving, such as in the townlands of Doon, Aughrim and Aghnacally.</p><br>
<p>In the 1609 Plantation of Ulster, Slieve Rushen formed part of lands which were granted to John Sandford of Castle Doe, Co. Donegal by letters patent dated 7 July 1613 (Pat. 11 James I – LXXI – 38, ‘Slewrussell’). It was later sold by Sandford to his wife&#39;s uncle Toby Caulfeild, 1st Baron Caulfeild, Master of the Ordnance and Caulfield had the sale confirmed by letters patent of 12 July 1620 (Pat. 19 James I. XI. 45 ‘Slewrussell’). Coincidentally the mountain was later part owned by John Sandford&#39;s daughter, Magdalen Gwyllym the wife of Thomas Gwyllym, the owner of the Ballyconnell estate.</p><br>
<p>The Gilmer County Courthouse was the courthouse for Gilmer County, Georgia, United States, from 1934 until 2003. It was built in 1898 as the Hyatt Hotel , making it the only courthouse in the state not originally built as a courthouse. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<p>In 2003, the fire marshal condemned the building due to building code and fire code violations, and the county judiciary was moved to other buildings in Ellijay on March 27. The county commission voted to destroy the historic building rather than renovate and restore it. A November 2006 referendum of county voters approved the municipal bond for a new facility, and allowed the destruction of the previous one.</p><br>
<p>It was identified as threatened in the 2005 catalog of the Northwest Georgia Threatened Historic Sites Project. Hopes for saving it were ended in early 2008, when it was demolished on January 7. A new government building will be constructed in its place.</p><br>
<p>Emigrant Lake is a reservoir located 5 mi southeast of Ashland, Oregon, at the southern end of the Rogue Valley.</p><br>
<p>It has an elevation of 2,241 ft above sea level.</p><br>
<p>The lake has an average surface area of 806 acre, and an average volume of 40,530 acre.ft.</p><br>
<p>The lake is impounded by Emigrant Lake Dam, which stands 205 ft above the surrounding farmland, and is located on Emigrant Creek at the west side of the lake. The spillway is located at the northern tip of the lake. Emigrant Creek is a tributary of Bear Creek.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The reservoir was created in 1924 when the original 110 ft concrete arch dam was built by the Talent Irrigation District for irrigation and flood control.</p><br>
<p>In 1960, the United States Bureau of Reclamation enlarged the dam into the 204 ft rock-filled structure standing today.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation area</h2><br>
<p>Emigrant Lake features a large recreation area. This includes a 42-site, full-hookup campground,</p><br>
<p>picnic areas, and two 280 ft water slides open from Memorial Day to Labor Day.</p><br>
<h2>Drought conditions and archaeological study</h2><br>
<p>In October 2014, drought conditions prompted the Bureau of Reclamation to order an archaeological study to protect artifacts that have become exposed due to the lake being at less than 10 percent of capacity.</p><br>
<p>Barva Volcano is an andesitic stratovolcano complex in central Costa Rica, 22 km north of San José, in Heredia Province. On the eastern side of the mountain it has a lake in what was the volcanic crater, called "Laguna de Barva", and in the western side it has three hills on the top which are called "Las Tres Marías". It is located in the small agricultural community of Sacramento.</p><br>
<p>Barva has several eruptive centres at its summit and many parasitic cones on its flanks. Its three principal summits visible from the Central Valley give it the common local name of Las Tres Marías (The Three Marys).</p><br>
<p>Four pyroclastic cones are present within the 2 x 3 km caldera at the central and northwestern part of the summit. The southwestern peak contains four cones, one of which has a crater lake.</p><br>
<p>The last confirmed eruptive activity at Barva Volcano has been dated to 8,050 years ago. There were reports of eruptions in the 1760s and in 1867, but investigations at the summit did not find evidence to confirm the reports.</p><br>
<p>The Alexander Noble House, built in 1868, is a historic Greek Revival farmhouse located in Fish Creek, Door County, Wisconsin on Wisconsin Highway 42. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on February 23, 1996.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Alexander Noble, one of the founders of Fish Creek, was born in Edinburgh, Scotland in 1829 and moved to Fish Creek in 1863. He served the community as blacksmith, postmaster, town chairman, and county board member.</p><br>
<p>Today, the restored Noble House contains many of its original furnishings and artifacts. The home&#39;s authentic room settings depict the period from 1875 to 1900. The house offers tours that portray life in Door County over a century ago, depicting the village as a thriving fishing and shipping village with horse-drawn wagons traveling the dirt streets.</p><br>
<p>The house is run as a nonprofit institution operated by the Gibraltar Historical Association, Box 323, Fish Creek, WI 54212.</p><br>
<p>The Assay Office is a historic building at 210 Main Street in Boise, Idaho. It is significant for its role in the history of mining in Idaho, and was the first major federal government building in the Idaho Territory. During the first half of the 1860s, Idaho’s gold production was the third highest in the nation. Due to the difficulty of transporting bulky, heavy ores the long distance to the nearest USA Mint in San Francisco, there was great demand for an assaying office in Idaho. Gold and other precious metals are not mined in a pure form. In order to place a value on an ore, the precious metal must be separated from the impurities. This is what an assay office does.</p><br>
<h2>The building</h2><br>
<p>In 1869, Congress appropriated $75,000 to build an assay office in Boise, Idaho. The city block site bounded by Main, First, Idaho and Second was donated by Alexander Rossi, a prominent citizen of Boise. Ground was broken in 1870, and the building was completed in 1871. The builder was John R. McBride, Chief Justice of Idaho. The building featured a cupola for ventilation and the interior doors were equipped with iron cages. The first floor of the building held the assayers offices, vaults and safes, assaying and melting rooms (furnaces), laboratory and reagents storage. The second floor was devoted to living quarters for the chief assayer. There was a parlor, pantry, dining room, kitchen and three bedrooms. The basement housed fuel and supply rooms, guards’ quarters and wells.</p><br>
<h2>Operations</h2><br>
<p>All equipment was finally in place by the time of the first assay on March 2, 1872. Builder John R. McBride was appointed Superintendent of the Assay Office. Alexander Rossi, who donated the land, was temporary Chief Assayer. By this time, mining was in a slump due to the playing out of surface mines. This slump lasted about a decade until further gold strikes were made in the northern part of the state. In 1887, the advent of the railroad in Idaho and an influx of capital made deep mining possible. A few years after opening, the Assay Office had begun purchasing gold on behalf of the USA government. By 1895, deposits were over one million dollars. For the next eleven years they averaged over one and a half million dollars per year. Renovations on the building in 1889 and 1890 included a new fence, new floors, a hot and cold water system and electric lights.</p><br>
<h2>Subsequent uses</h2><br>
<p>The Assay Office closed in 1933 and the building was turned over to the United States Forest Service for use as offices. Renovations at that time included removing the iron bars from the windows, adding windows to the back wall, removal of the vaults and assaying furnaces and rearrangement of partitions. The Assay Office was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1961, recognizing its significant role in the state&#39;s development.</p><br>
<p>In 1972 the building was turned over to the Idaho State Historical Society. It currently houses the State Historical Preservation Office and the Archaeological Survey of Idaho.</p><br>
<p>Bear River Massacre Site, near Preston, Idaho, is the site of the Bear River Massacre, in which a village of Shoshone Native Americans were attacked by the California Volunteers on January 29, 1863. Estimates of Shoshone casualties are as high as 384. It is also known as Bear River Battleground or Massacre at Boa Ogoi.</p><br>
<p>The battle site is located several miles northwest of Preston, and is roughly bisected by USA Route 91. Its major topographical features are Bear River and the meadows that line its banks, Battle Creek (then known as Beaver Creek), which runs north-south through the area, and has been partially channeled by US 91. North of this channeled area the creek emerges from an escarpment running generally southwest-northeast. The Shoshone village was located on the meadows below this escarpment, and consisted of about 70 lodges on either side of Battle Creek, which cuts a ravine through the meadows on its way to the river. This ravine was one of the major killing fields, as defending Shoshone warriors used it as a natural defensive feature, and unarmed Natives sought refuge there from the battle. Natives fleeing the battle were also shot trying to swim across Bear River. The California Volunteers retrieved their dead, but left the Shoshones where they lay.</p><br>
<p>In March 2008, a part of the site was acquired by the Shoshone Nation. They announced plans to erect a memorial at the burial site. In early 2008, a picnic/rest area/historic site was developed east of the highway on a hilltop overlooking the site from the north.</p><br>
<p>The Union Arch Bridge, also called the "Cabin John Bridge", is a historic masonry structure in Cabin John, Maryland. It was designed as part of the Washington Aqueduct. The bridge construction began in 1857 and was completed in 1864. The roadway surface was added later. The bridge was designed by Alfred Landon Rives, and built by the United States Army Corps of Engineers under the direction of Lieutenant Montgomery C. Meigs.</p><br>
<h2>Bridge design</h2><br>
<p>The bridge, with an overall length of 450 ft and width of 20 ft, is constructed of Massachusetts granite and red sandstone quarried at the nearby Seneca Quarry, and rises 101 ft above Cabin John Creek. The main arch span is 220 ft long and rises 57 ft. The bridge has an internal spandrel wall structure that contains nine additional smaller arches, which are concealed from view by exterior stone sidewalls.Maryland State Highway Administration. Baltimore, MD (1995).</p><br>
<p>Chapter 4, "Stone Arch Bridges: Other Significant Stone Arch Bridges." pp. 58-59. October 1995. At the time of its construction in 1864, the main span was the longest single-span masonry arch in the world. It retained that distinction until the opening of the 218 ft span of the Pont Adolphe Bridge in Luxembourg in 1903. Previously, that honour had gone to the Grosvenor Bridge which crosses the River Dee in Chester, England and which was opened by the thirteen-year-old Princess Victoria (five years before becoming Queen) in October 1832. Visually, the similarities between the Union Arch Bridge and the Grosvenor Bridge are remarkable.</p><br>
<h2>Controversy</h2><br>
<p>The naming of the bridge has been somewhat confused, related to its completion during the Civil War.</p><br>
<h3>Union Arch inscription</h3><br>
<p>Several publications have referred to the "Union Arch" of the Washington Aqueduct, but others refer to the structure as the Cabin John Bridge.</p><br>
<h3>Jefferson Davis inscription</h3><br>
<p>The bridge design process had begun in 1853, during the administration of President Franklin Pierce and the Secretary of War, Jefferson Davis. Captain Meigs 1861 order also called for a tablet on the west bridge abutment, with the title, "Washington Aqueduct" and listing the political leaders that were in office both at the start of the project and at its completion (i.e., Pierce and Davis; President Abraham Lincoln and Secretary of War Simon Cameron). By 1862, however, Davis had left the Union to become President of the Confederate States of America. There was resentment among some members of Congress about the inscription of Davis name on the bridge, and this led to an order that his name be removed from the tablet. The Department of the Interior, which was managing the aqueduct at that time, ordered the removal of the inscription.</p><br>
<p>In 1908, President Theodore Roosevelt was asked by various constituents to restore Davis&#39; name to the tablet. Roosevelt ordered the restoration.</p><br>
<h3>Twentieth century naming confusion</h3><br>
<p>Some additional confusion over the bridge name arose when the Capital Beltway was constructed in the early 1960s, and the nearby Beltway bridge over the Potomac River was also called the "Cabin John Bridge." However, in 1969 the Beltway bridge was formally named the "American Legion Memorial Bridge."</p><br>
<h2>Historic designations</h2><br>
<p>The Union Arch Bridge was designated as a Historic National Civil Engineering Landmark by the American Society of Civil Engineers in 1972 and was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
<p>Note: this NRHP designation is listed as "Cabin John Aqueduct" and refers to the bridge. There is a separate NRHP designation for Washington Aqueduct which refers to the entire aqueduct system from Great Falls, Maryland to Washington, D.C. Both designations refer to the bridge as the "Cabin John Aqueduct."</p><br>
<h2>Current operation</h2><br>
<p>The bridge continues to support the Washington Aqueduct, as well as a roadway, MacArthur Boulevard. Traffic is narrowed to one lane with traffic signals controlling traffic in either direction. A concrete barrier along the south side creates a separated pedestrian walkway across the bridge. Metal fencing on both sides prevents pedestrians and objects from falling. Signs remind city crews not to salt the roadway in winter months.</p><br>
<p>The USA Army Corps of Engineers completed a renovation of the bridge in 2001.</p><br>
<p>Radnor-Winston is a small community centered near the intersection of York Road and Winston Ave in the North District of Baltimore. Radnor Winston is a friendly, affordable and diverse neighborhood of about 220 homes tucked behind the campuses of Loyola University and The College of Notre Dame. Located in the Roland Park Public School district, the neighborhood is convenient to both downtown Baltimore and Towson.</p><br>
<p>The housing stock includes a variety of detached and semi-detached homes dating from the turn of the 20th century through the early 1950s, primarily bungalows, cottages and American Foursquares.</p><br>
<p>The neighborhood was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003.</p><br>
<p>The Radnor-Winston Improvement Association is a volunteer organization, formed in 1958, with a long history of activism on local issues of concern.</p><br>
<p>The Central Woodward Christian Church, now known as The Historic Little Rock Missionary Baptist Church, is a Gothic Revival church located at 9000 Woodward Avenue in Detroit, Michigan. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1993.</p><br>
<p>Originally home of Central Woodward Christian Church, a Metro-Detroit congregation affiliated with the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ), it was sold to Little Rock Missionary Baptist Church when the original congregation relocated to Troy, Michigan.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>The church is built in a classic Gothic Revival style from Indiana limestone, and has a slate roof, copper trim, and stained glass windows. The stained glass windows are a distinguishing feature of the building. Some were installed by the original Disciples of Christ congregation, including two windows designed by A. Kay Herbert. One window depicts George Washington and the other shows Abraham Lincoln holding the Emancipation Proclamation. In the 1990s, the Little Rock congregation began installing more windows to replace the previous clear glass ones. Perhaps the best known of these windows is the African American Pulpit window depicting the Reverend Richard Allen, the founder of the African-Methodist-Episcopal church, Dr. Martin Luther King, Reverend Jesse Jackson, Reverend C. L. Franklin, and Reverend James Holley, pastor of the Little Rock congregation.</p><br>
<h2>History of the church</h2><br>
<p>The Disciples of Christ came to Detroit in 1846, as a church was founded by Reverend William Nay. By the 1890s, the congregation had grown enough to construct a large church in downtown Detroit. In 1926 two Detroit congregations, Central Christian Church and Woodward Christian Church merged under the leadership of Dr. Edgar Dewitt Jones. Jones had been called to serve as pastor of Central Christian Church in 1920, and became pastor of the merged congregation in 1926. In 1928 a new building was constructed at the site of the previous Woodward Avenue Church to house the growing and influential congregation. They hired architect George Mason to design the building, which was opened in 1928.</p><br>
<p>In the late 1970s, after the congregation moved from Detroit to the northern suburb of Troy, the church built another building at 3955 West Big Beaver Road in Troy, retaining the name Central Woodward Christian Church (Disciples of Christ). The congregation has had several pastors since its move to Troy. In July 2008, Dr. Robert Cornwall became the ninth called pastor to serve the church.</p><br>
<p>In 1978, the building at 9000 Woodward was sold to Little Rock Missionary Baptist church, a primarily African American congregation founded in 1938.</p><br>
<p>The former First Baptist Church is a historic Baptist church building located at 8601 Woodward Avenue in Detroit, Michigan. Built in 1909, it was designed by architect Guy J. Vinton in the Late Gothic Revival style. It is now the Peoples Community Church. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 3, 1982.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The First Baptist Church of Detroit was founded on October 20, 1827. The first church constructed by the congregation, a small frame structure, was built at the corner of Fort and Griswold Streets in 1831. The frame structure was replaced with a spacious brick church in 1835. The congregation built larger structures in 1859-63 and 1871-75.</p><br>
<p>As members of the congregation moved outwards from downtown Detroit, the church followed, and in 1909 the church hired Guy J. Vinton to design and construct this church on Woodward. However, after World War II, membership decreased, and in 1957 the congregation sold the building to the Peoples Community Church. The First Baptist congregation moved on to Southfield and constructed a new church in 1965.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The former First Baptist Church of Detroit is a rockfaced, limestone, Gothic-style church measuring 120 feet long by 110 feet wide. The front facade has a massive, Gothic-arched traceried window balanced with a large square flat-roofed corner tower containing the entryway. An educational wing is adjacent to the tower of similar design to the main church. The exterior of the church is notable for its lack of ornamentation, relying on its massive proportions for visual impact.</p><br>
<p>The interior of the church conforms to the Akron plan, with a large, square, barrel-vaulted central auditorium containing wooden pews arranged in a semi-circle. Notably, a broad, curving balcony panelled with a Gothic arch motif completely encompasses the auditorium. The portion of the balcony over the sanctuary contains the choir loft and organ pipes. The transepts on both the main floor and balcony level are constructed to be used as either classrooms or, by opening partitions, overflow seating space.</p><br>
<p>The Metropolitan United Methodist Church is a church located at 8000 Woodward Avenue  in the New Center area of Detroit, Michigan. It was completed in 1926, listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982, and designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1986. This church should not be confused with Metropolitan United Methodist Church in Washington, DC, which is often regarded as a National Church within the United States as it was specifically established by the General Conference to be a "representative presence of Methodism in the nation&#39;s capital".</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1901, two Detroit Methodist congregations, the Woodward Avenue Methodist Episcopal (founded in 1885) and the Oakland Avenue Church (founded in 1886), merged to form the North Woodward Avenue Methodist Church. Two years later, Dr. Charles Bronson Allen became pastor and convinced the congregation to construct a building at Woodward and Melbourne which burned down on Christmas Eve 1916. The congregation decided to rebuild grander than ever. One of the congregants, Sebastian S. Kresge (who lived nearby in Boston-Edison), donated land at Woodward and Chandler for a new building as well as offering substiantial financial support. Another congregant, William E. N. Hunter, designed the structure, however, shortages of building materials and labor caused by World War I delayed construction. The cornerstone was finally laid June 4, 1922, and the first services were held in the completed sanctuary January 17, 1926. By the mid-1930s, the congregation was the largest local church in the Methodist world. Church membership peaked in 1943 at 7,300 members.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The church is a very large structure in the English Gothic style, built from a distinctive ochre granite from Massachusetts. It is built in a traditional cruciform design buttressed with several low side wings and a gabled roof. The sanctuary occupies the western half of the building while the eastern half contains an auditorium, offices and classrooms. A hallway on the main level separates the sanctuary from the auditorium. The walls of both spaces retract allowing up seating for up to 7,000 with a view of the chancel.</p><br>
<p>One curious feature, when viewing the building from the exterior, is that the lower half of the chancel window is filled with stone rather than glass. This is to allow for display of a large tapestry on the church&#39;s interior.</p><br>
<p>The church is painted throughout by the artist George Boget. Three murals on the second floor crush hall depict scenes from the history of Protestantism and Methodism. They are entitled "The Dawn of Reformation," "John Wesley Preaching on His Father&#39;s Tomb," and "Francis Asbury, Apostle of the Long Trail." A winding tree motif ties these murals together with smaller symbolic imagery painted into the vaulted ceilings on the first and second floor corridors, as well as large murals in Kresge Hall, the auditorium. These murals show smaller scenes of Methodist and Metropolitan History tied into the "family tree" that binds the congregation together.</p><br>
<p>In 1970, Stanley and Dorothy Kresge donated $194,000 for the Merton S. Rice Memorial Organ, named for the former pastor. They contributed an additional $10,000 for structural modifications to house the pipe chambers. The organ is opus 10641 of the M. P. Moller Organ Company. The organ incorporated some pipes from an earlier instrument by Austin Organs, Inc. and at installation, contained 6,849 pipes in 119 ranks. In subsequent years, it has been enlarged to 7,003 pipes and 121 ranks, making it the second largest pipe organ in the state of Michigan.</p><br>
<p>The St. John&#39;s Christian Methodist Episcopal Church is a church located at 8715 Woodward Avenue in Detroit, Michigan. It was built as the North Woodward Congregational Church, listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982, and designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1998.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The North Woodward Congregational Church was built in stages, with a small chapel, designed by the firm of Malcomson and Higginbotham, on the site of the present church constructed as early as 1907. The construction of the main sanctuary began in 1911 and was completed in 1912. Sections were added, with the most recent, the church house, being added in 1929. This congregation had been organized on July 8, 1917, as St. Johns Colored Methodist Episcopal Church. A State of Michigan historical marker commemorates this church. The official denominational name was changed from "Colored" to "Christian" in 1954. St. Johns Christian Methodist Episcopal Church was the first C.M.E. church established in the state of Michigan and, as of 2009, it remains the largest and most recognized Christian Methodist congregation in the state. The Reverend Dr. Joseph B. Gordon, a native Detroiter, was appointed as pastor in 2008. In August 2014, Rev. Dr. Claude Bass became the church&#39;s pastor.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>The architect retained by the Congregationalists was Hugh Clement. He designed a Gothic red brick church with limestone trim, having Prairie and Arts & Crafts influences. The building is lower than many Gothic churches, as it lacks a bell tower or lantern. The historical site also includes nine associated row houses along Gladstone Avenue.</p><br>
<p>St. Josephs Episcopal Church, now known as St. Matthews-St. Joseph&#39;s Episcopal Church, is a historic Episcopal church located at 8850 Woodward Avenue in Detroit, Michigan, and is part of the Episcopal Diocese of Michigan. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This building was constructed in 1926 as a successor to the earlier St. Josephs Episcopal Church at 5930 Woodward Avenue. merged with St. Josephs.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>The church building is a typical Gothic structure built from dark coursed sandstone with light sandstone trim. It has a narrow gabled nave and projecting side aisles and projecting transepts. A large rose window faces Woodward, sitting above a recessed entrance. A tall, square bell tower and parish house sit against the north trancept. The sides are buttressed, with Gothic clerestory windows.</p><br>
<p>The architect, James J. Nettleton, was a member of the St. Joseph&#39;s congregation and graduate of the architecture program at Cornell University.</p><br>
<p>The Woodward Avenue Presbyterian Church is a church located at 8501 Woodward Avenue in Detroit, Michigan. Built in 1911 in the Gothic Revival style, the architect was Sidney Badgley. It was used for some time as the Abyssinia Church of God in Christ. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>By 1908, the Presbyterians in Detroit recognized the need for a church to serve congregants located in what was then the "north" Woodward area. Meetings were held and the congregation was organized by the presbytery on March 17, 1908. The church had 163 members.</p><br>
<p>Rev. Sherman L. Divine was installed as the congregation&#39;s first minister, and he embarked on an ambitious building project, envisioning a sanctuary that would cost about $100,000. The church enlisted new members and new funding. Tracy and Katherine McGregor donated a lot along Woodward, and the cornerstone for the church was laid on January 1, 1910. Construction began, based on a design by Sidney Rose Badgley. The church was dedicated on June 23 of the next year.</p><br>
<p>Membership surpassed 2200 by 1921. However, by the 1950s, many members were leaving Detroit for the northern suburbs. Woodward Avenue Presbyterian Church began to struggle, with fewer than 1000 members in 1961 and only 404 in 1971. In 1981, Woodward Avenue Presbyterian merged with Covenant Church. The combined churches still had fewer than 500 members, and by 1991 there were only 210. In 1993, the congregation split from the Presbyterian church, eventually becoming the Abyssinia Interdenominational Church. The church closed on the death of the pastor in 2005.</p><br>
<p>Until the spring of 2010, Woodward Avenue Presbyterian was abandoned, and has fallen into disrepair. More recently the property has been purchased by a group looking to convert the building into a homeless shelter.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Woodward Avenue Presbyterian is an English Gothic-style church, faced with rough rock and trimmed with a contrasting limestone, and measuring 184 feet long by 104 feet wide.</p><br>
<p>The Liberty Hall Museum in Union, Union County, New Jersey, United States, is an American historic site. Built in 1772 as a fourteen-room Georgian-style house, Liberty Hall stands today a fifty-room Victorian Italianate mansion. Liberty Hall has been home to many historical figures and was the home of William Livingston, the first Governor of New Jersey, who served from 1776 to 1790; United States Supreme Court Justice Henry Brockholst Livingston; the Kean political dynasty, including Susan Livingston Kean, widow of Continental Congress delegate John Kean, United States Senator and Congressman John Kean, and Captain John Kean, son of United States Senator Hamilton Fish Kean; and, in its first year of occupancy, future Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton. Liberty Hall has had visitors of such stature as George Washington, Martha Washington, Lewis Morris, Marquis de Lafayette, Elias Boudinot, and John Jay, the latter of whom was married there.</p><br>
<p>The Liberty Hall Museum is located on the Liberty Hall Campus of Kean University in Union, New Jersey between the campus&#39; Main Campus in Union and East Campus in Hillside, New Jersey.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>The Livingstons</h3><br>
<p>The Liberty Hall Museum was built as a Georgian-style house in 1772 by William Livingston, a lawyer who would go on to become a member of the First and Second Continental Congress, founding father, a signatory of the Constitution, and the first Governor of the State of New Jersey. During the first year of occupancy Alexander Hamilton, later the first Secretary of the Treasury, resided with Livingston. The house was built on a 120 acre property purchased by Livingston in 1760 in then-Elizabethtown, close to New York, New York where Livingston worked. The Livingston family moved into Liberty Hall full-time in 1773. The gardens and orchards first planted by Governor Livingston are still evident on the museum grounds today.</p><br>
<p>Guests at Liberty Hall included George Washington, Martha Washington, Lewis Morris, Marquis de Lafayette and Elias Boudinot and the house was the site of the marriage of one of Livingston&#39;s daughters to John Jay, the first Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court.</p><br>
<p>During the American Revolutionary War, in which Livingston fought, the house was damaged by both the American and British armies. After the war Livingston returned to the house and lived there until his 1790 death. Following the deaths of Governor Livingston and his wife, Susannah French Livingston, their son Henry Brockholst Livingston, a future United States Supreme Court Justice, inherited the home. In 1798 the home was purchased by George Belasise, Lord Bolingbroke and wife Isabella, who continued the Livingstons&#39; tradition of enhancing the agriculture and grounds of Liberty Hall.</p><br>
<h3>The Keans</h3><br>
<p>In 1811 Liberty Hall was purchased by Peter Kean in trust for his mother Susan Livingston Kean Niemcewicz, a niece of William and Susannah Livingston (women could not own property in their own name in the United States until the second half of the nineteenth century). Susan’s first husband, John Kean of South Carolina, had been a delegate to the Continental Congress who supported ratification of the United States Constitution in South Carolina, was the first cashier of the Bank of the United States and had been held prisoner during the American Revolution (a consequential respiratory disease lead to his death at age thirty-nine). Susan Livingston changed the name of Liberty Hall to Ursino, the name of her Polish second husband Count Julian Niemcewiczs Polish estate (Niemcewicz had returned to Poland after Napoleons successful campaigns, having initially been exiled due to his role in unsuccessfully fighting for independence from the Russians.)</p><br>
<p>Colonel Peter Kean, the only son of Susan and John Kean, and his wife Sarah Sabina Morris, granddaughter of Lewis Morris, the first royal governor of New Jersey inherited Liberty Hall, followed by their son Colonel John Kean II. John Kean II lived at Liberty Hall for 60 years and made the most significant changes to the house and property, expanding the house to its current structure as a 50-room Victorian Italianate structure for the main reason of accommodating his large family, and introduced modern amenities such as running water, gravity hot-air heating, and gas lighting. The house passed to the oldest son of John and Lucinetta Halsted Kean, John, a two-term Congressman and Senator from New Jersey who continued to live and host affairs at Liberty Hall when home.</p><br>
<p>Captain John Kean, son of United States Senator Hamilton Fish Kean and Katharine Winthrop Kean and nephew of Senator John Kean inherited the house upon his uncle&#39;s death and resided there with his wife, Mary Alice Barney after 1932. Mary Alice Kean motivated the restoration of Liberty Hall and other historic homes and was a researcher of Kean family history. Mary Alice Kean was the final resident of Liberty Hall before it became Liberty Hall Museum.</p><br>
<h2>The structure</h2><br>
<p>The building, in three sections, was built of frame over an elevated stone basement. The original two-story central portion had a modified gambrel roof and two interior chimneys and was flanked by one-story wings, built on the main axis, with polyangular ends, hipped roofs, and end chimneys. Exterior walls were flushboarded. Quoins marked the corners of the central section, and flat, key-blocked cornices topped the first-story windows.</p><br>
<p>In 1789 a second story was added to the west wing. In 1870 a third story was superimposed on the west wing and central section, and the second and third stories on the east wing. The rooms and tower at the northwest corner and the rooms at the northeast corner were also constructed at that time, as well as a gabled roof with bracketed eaves over the entire building.</p><br>
<p>Except for the additional levels, the south, or front, elevation retains its original appearance. Open-string steps, whose balusters are plain, lead to the pedimented front porch. A fanlight surmounts the paneled door. Shutters are paneled on the first floor and louvered on the second. Third-story windows lack any such adornment. The cornice of the porch, as well as its triangular pediment, are dentiled.</p><br>
<p>The floor plan and interior trim of the 18th-century portion of the mansion remain essentially intact within the larger present structure. The elaborate mantels date from the 19th century. While a number of rooms and their furnishings have been restored to their original condition, others have been added to meet the changing needs of different generations of the Kean family, and modifications have been made to add modern heating and plumbing systems.</p><br>
<h2>National Landmark</h2><br>
<p>In 1949 Mary Alice Kean began to transform the house into a museum and in 1974 Mrs. Kean restored the name "Liberty Hall" to the house. The museum is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and is a National Historic Landmark. The building is part of Kean University and is located on the Liberty Hall Campus at Kean. Liberty Hall houses collections of furniture, clothing, manuscripts, books, portraits, pictures, and other historical artifacts, including a signed letter from George Washington, a pre-census. population count, and an invitation to Abraham Lincoln&#39;s inaugural. The Liberty Hall was one of the important points of interest of the "Young Immigrant Hamilton Tour" as part of the CelebrateHAMILTON 2014 hosted by the Alexander Hamilton Awareness Society.</p><br>
<p>Grace Church in Newark , is an active and historic Episcopal Church in the Diocese of Newark. It is located on Newark, New Jersey&#39;s Broad Street where it has stood since 1837. Grace, a traditional church that worships in the Catholic tradition, is home to a very lively and friendly congregation engaged in urban ministry, fellowship and art. Grace is especially notable for its architecture, music, and as the birthplace of the tune "America the Beautiful."</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Grace Church was founded on Ascension Day in 1837 at the behest of Bishop George Washington Doane. As part of what is today called the Oxford Movement, Graces founders emphasized the sacramental worship and succession of bishops of the Episcopal and Anglican Churches as their direct link to Christ, the Apostolic community and its Eucharistic worship –a sister to the Roman Catholic Church. A daughter parish of Trinity Church, Bishop Doane explicitly founded the church in the growing city to be the standard bearer for Anglo-Catholicism in the diocese. To this day, Graces remains dedicated to offering its timeless worship to the city and its people.The church building, designed by Richard Upjohn, who was also the architect of Trinity Church, New York, was consecrated on October 5, 1848. It is widely esteemed as an outstanding example of Gothic Revival architecture in the United States. The church was built on the site of the old Essex County Courthouse and Jail which burnt down on August 15, 1835. The massive, single bell in the tower which is rung by hand every Sunday, was installed before the consecration in 1848. Paid for by an Episcopalian textile manufacture in Newark, the bell has been rung for many solemn occasions, including to support the Federal soldiers defending Fort Sumter in 1861.</p><br>
<p>The tune for "America the Beautiful," called "Materna," was written here by the parish organist Samuel A. Ward in 1882.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>Grace remains widely known for its high church, sacramental liturgy, or order of service, at the center of which, in the tradition of the Church as handed down from the Apostles, is the Eucharist. It teaches the Catholic faith, holding that Christians gain access to the Mystical Body of Christ through the sacramental worship of the community and are aided by the sequential liturgy, incense and Eucharistic sacrifice to an experience of heaven. Incense, lights, and beautiful vestments are used, which render the ceremonial intelligible to all the senses, and the contemporary-language rite from the 1979 Book of Common Prayer (Rite II) is used. Much of the congregation enthusiastically participates in the service.</p><br>
<p>The diverse congregation includes people from Africa and the Caribbean as well as Europeans, Caucasian Americans, and African Americans. Its members are young and old, married and single, gay and straight. The parish is committed to Catholic faith and practice in The Episcopal Church, but is receptive to new insights, including the ordination of women and affirmation of same-sex relationship.</p><br>
<p>The Rev. Dr. J. Brent Bates became the parish&#39;s seventeenth rector in March 2011.</p><br>
<h3>Music</h3><br>
<p>Music plays an important role in worship, and Grace has always maintained a strong choral tradition in its adult and children&#39;s choir. Both choirs perform mass settings throughout the year, and weekly sing the Gregorian Chant mass propers from the early, medieval and renaissance tradition. Grace holds choir concerts and organ recitals on the 48-stop tracker instrument built by Casavant Frères in 1990. The Grace Church Music Society, organized in 2008, each year sponsors a series of recitals and concerts. Joe Arndt was the director of music from 2008-2015, succeeding James McGregor, who held the position for the previous forty-eight years.</p><br>
<h2>Masses and Services</h2><br>
<p>Masses are offered on Sundays at 8:00am and 10:30am (High Mass) with Sunday School, and daily at 12:10pm. Additional family and youth activities are held weekly and forms of worship like Stations of the Cross and Benediction of the Blessed Sacrament are held during Advent and Lent.</p><br>
<p>The Gilo River is a river in the Gambela Region of southwestern Ethiopia. It is also known by a variety of names: the Gimira of Dizu call it the "Mene", while the Gemira of Chako call it "Owis", and Amhara and Oromo settlers in the early 20th century knew it by a third name, "Bako". From its source in the Ethiopian Highlands near Mizan Teferi it flows to the west, through Lake Tata to join the Pibor River on Ethiopia&#39;s border with Sudan. The combined waters then join the Sobat River and the Colorado River.</p><br>
<p>Lying between the Baro River and Akobo River, the Gilo River flows mainly through the Baro Salient, a portion of Ethiopia that juts westward into Sudan. The river valley was subjected to a great deal of prospecting for gold before World War II and in the 1950s, but not enough was found to make commercial extraction viable.</p><br>
<p>Jessen, who was part of W.N. McMillan&#39;s expedition that travelled through this part of southwestern Ethiopia in 1904, estimated its length at 200 miles, and noted that at flood the width of the Gilo reaches 80 to 100 yards, with a depth of about 20 feet. Jessen further wrote that at the time of his visit.</p><br>
<p>Clyde Mountain, at an elevation of 781 m, is a mountain in the Southern Tablelands region of New South Wales, Australia.</p><br>
<h2>Location and features</h2><br>
<p>Clyde Mountain is located in the Great Dividing Range within the Monga National Park. The mountain is approximately 18 km east of the town of Braidwood, approximately 20 km from the village of Nelligen, and approximately 27 km west of the main coastal centre of Batemans Bay on the NSW South Coast.</p><br>
<p>The road leading up towards the summit of Clyde Mountain is a 5 km section of steep, winding section of the Kings Highway in New South Wales, Australia. It is the location of many crashes, 22% of all incidents on the Kings Highway occurring on a 40 km stretch on and near the mountain. There are three safety ramps (runaway truck ramps) for trucks or heavy vehicles which lose control of their speed or suffer brake failure. Slow vehicle turnouts have been added on the Clyde Mountain descent, which allows vehicles to pass trucks in low gear.</p><br>
<p>Tullis-Toledano Manor, also known as, the Toledano-Philbrick-Tullis House, was a red-clay brick mansion on the Mississippi Gulf Coast in Biloxi. It was considered an example of Greek Revival architecture. The mansion was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1976 and was destroyed by Hurricane Katrina in 2005.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Christoval Sebastian Toledano, a sugar and cotton broker of Spanish descent from New Orleans, built the house in 1856 for his second wife, Matilda Pradat. The home was a two and one-half story, five-bay structure built of red-clay bricks that were manufactured in a Biloxi brickyard. The upper floors were accessed by a semi-spiraled, wooden staircase.</p><br>
<p>Another structure on the property was a two-story brick kitchen with servant&#39;s quarters located approximately 50 yards (46 meters) behind the main house. In the 20th century, the structure was remodeled to serve as a guest house.</p><br>
<p>After Matilda Toledano sold the house in 1886, there was a succession of owners until 1939, when it was purchased as a summer home by Garner H. Tullis of New Orleans who was President of the New Orleans Cotton Exchange. In 1969, the home sustained considerable damage from Hurricane Camille, and was sealed and vacated. In 1975, the Tullis family sold the house and property to the city of Biloxi. The city restored the house and used it for the next 30 years as a museum and community center.</p><br>
<p>After weathering 150 years of storms from the Gulf, Tullis-Toledano Manor was completely destroyed during Hurricane Katrina on August 29, 2005. A barge from Grand Casino Biloxi washed ashore during the hurricane and crushed the house. Nothing was left of Tullis-Toledano Manor except rubble.</p><br>
<h2>Councilor oak</h2><br>
<p>Located on the east side of Tullis-Toledano Manor was a centuries old southern live oak (Quercus virginiana) which had the designation of Councilor Oak. The name was derived from local legend that native Indian tribes and French colonials signed treaties under the oak’s branches. The tree had a trunk circumference of 21 feet (6.4 meters) and a crown spread of greater than 100 feet (30.5 meters). Councilor Oak (Crawford-Tullis Oak) was the 45th tree to be registered with the Live Oak Society. The oak was destroyed by the same barge that demolished Tullis-Toledano Manor in August 2005.</p><br>
<p>Ridgedale  is a 19th-century Greek Revival plantation house and farm on a plateau overlooking the South Branch Potomac River north of Romney, West Virginia, United States. The populated area adjacent to Washington Bottom Farm is known as Ridgedale. The farm is connected to West Virginia Route 28 via Washington Bottom Road .</p><br>
<p>Ridgedale, constructed in 1835, was the residence of gentleman farmer George William Washington, a descendant of George Washington&#39;s great-great-grandfather Reverend Lawrence Washington. The farm is currently the private residence of Carol and Mike Shaw.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The main residence at Ridgedale farm is a high-style Greek Revival structure. The three-story brick house stands on a brick foundation an has an L-shaped plan. The house has a hip roof with a central square cupola and a widow&#39;s walk. The cupola has a window on each side with a 4 over 4 double-hung sash, and brackets under the roof edge. On the roof are five chimneys, one at each corner and one in the back ell with a slightly flared edge of corbels at the top, and a recessed panel in the center face.</p><br>
<p>The front, or south elevation, has a center hipped wooden porch with steps. The porch has a spindled handrail, wooden posts and deck, and small brackets under the eave. The main entrance is centered with a single transom and has a Greek Revival feature of a wide trim piece over the doorway. The house has five bays on each floor. The windows on the house are all double-hung sash except for the third floor which has small lozenge windows of three vertical lights in the frieze section. With pine sills and brick lintelsthe first floor windows are 6/9 sash and reach to the floor in the front two rooms. The second floor windows are 6/6 sash.</p><br>
<p>The residence&#39;s west elevation is divided into two sections with the front portion of the house and the rear ell. Each section has three bays on each floor with 6/6 sash windows on the first and second floor and lozenge windows on third floor of the front section. The rear ell is slightly set back from the facade and has a kitchen porch on the first floor with wooden posts. A lower level door leads into a basement room, and the first floor door leads into the kitchen. The basement windows are 3/3 sash windows</p><br>
<p>The north side of the ell is a blank brick wall with a single lower level entrance that has a brick stairwell and original beaded door. The north side of the main house has two 6/6 sash windows.</p><br>
<p>The east façade of the house has the front portion to the left with a small center porch</p><br>
<p>which matches the details on the front porch with wooden posts and a spindled handrail. There are small brackets under the eave and lattice covers the area under the porch. The porch is accessed from the two 6/9 sash windows from the front and back room, which reach to the floor. Above these openings are two 6/9 sash windows on the second floor and lozenge windows at the third floor. The right side of the house is recessed back for the rear ell which has a two-story porch. The porches were enclosed in the 1940s with glass windows, and were updated in 2010 with 4/4 casement windows and transoms and brick stairs. The wooden floor remains in its original condition.</p><br>
<p>The interior of the residence has good integrity with original wooden floors, wooden trim, a</p><br>
<p>wide center hall with curved stairs, 12&#39;ceilings, and six panel doors, some of which have</p><br>
<p>graining. The trim on the second floor with 11 ceilings is simpler with narrow closets in the bedrooms having been added after 1939. The doorways on this floor have transoms opening into the hallway. 2 bathrooms were added at the front end of the hall with pocket doors and transoms. The 3rd floor has 9 ceilings which angle and the low lozenge windows and face nailed pine floor. A narrow dog-leg stairway leads to the cupola and a door opens out to the widow&#39;s walk. A dog-leg stairway also connects to the second floor of the rear porch.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Fort Williams</h3><br>
<p>The land on which Ridgedale Farm is located can be traced back to Thomas Fairfax, 6th Lord Fairfax of Cameron, as can many of the large tracts in the Eastern Panhandle of West Virginia. It was surveyed around 1749 by George Washington. The farm was first settled in 1725 by Peter Peters. On the parcel was located Fort Williams, established as a settler&#39;s fort in 1756 by Richard Williams. Williams and his family were living on the plantation of his father-in-law Peter Peters on the South Branch Potomac River in 1755 at the time of a Native American attack. Williams built his fort, Fort Williams, after he arrived home from Native American captivity, in the spring of 1756. From documentation, it appears to have been a settlers fort, although militia were stationed there at times during the course of the French and Indian War. In the spring of 1758, troops were</p><br>
<p>temporarily stationed at the fort, probably under the order of Captain Thomas Wagoner, of the</p><br>
<p>Virginia Regiment who was authorized by General George Washington to man any settler forts</p><br>
<p>which were in need of support. No archaeological evidence has been discovered for the fort which is documented by deeds.</p><br>
<h3>George W. Washington</h3><br>
<p>George W. Washington (1809–1876) was the son of Edward Washington, a descendant of George Washington&#39;s great-great-grandfather Reverend Lawrence Washington, and was born near Pohick Church in Fairfax County, Virginia. He was well-educated and highly respected. He married Sarah (Sally) A. Wright (1811–1886) on February 19, 1830. She was the daughter of John Wright and his wife Rebecca Lockhart of Loudoun County, Virginia and the granddaughter of Major Robert Lockhart, a native of Lancaster County, Pennsylvania where he served on the Committee of Public Safety in the American Revolution and was also a major in the county militia. Sarah Wright was born at "Wheatland" near Leesburg on April 22, 1811. She was educated at the Moravian Academy in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. Major Robert Lockhart, her grandfather, devised Ridgedale and 700 acre to Sarah, her brother, and sister in 1817. This land came into the ownership of George and Sarah after their marriage.</p><br>
<h4>Establishment of Ridgedale</h4><br>
<p>The couple moved to the Ridgedale and constructed the single pen log cabin around 1832 where they lived until the spacious Greek Revival main house was completed. As their family and resources grew, they added to the farm and constructed the main house in 1835. They had 11 children: Edward, John W., Rebecca, Esther (also known as Etta and Ettie), John, Betty, George, Robert, and Sallie. Son John W. and daughter Sallie died when less than two years old, and the second John died during the American Civil War in which his brother Edward also fought.</p><br>
<p>George W. Washington&#39;s agricultural practices included raising beef cattle, sheep, and pigs. He owned many horses, including two registered Percheron mares. Most of his horses were purchased in England and brought to the farm. He grew corn, hay, soybeans, oats, wheat, and flax. He sold cured and fresh pork, along with corn, wool, and vegetables for farm income. The earliest standing farm outbuilding was constructed around 1850. If earlier log barns existed, their sites are unknown. A newspaper account from December 25, 1907 tells of the loss by fire of an "immense basement barn." It is the following year that new silos were added to two other existing barns.</p><br>
<p>Washington kept a daily journalfrom 1832-1876 which provides a few glimpses into life on the farm. He owned approximately 300 sheep, often bought and sold cattle and horses, and owned a team of oxen and mules. He tells of chopping ice from the river in January 1868 and storing it in the icehouse. The bottom land behind the house, which totaled over 200 acre, was planted in hay and corn. The field in front of the house was called "the little meadow." Corn was grown in the bottom land, and timothy-grass grown and harvested in the meadow.</p><br>
<p>Washington speaks of the ridge, known as Middle Ridge (geologically a continuation of Mill Creek Mountain), which was used to pasture his cattle and sheep. This section is no longer part of the farm. Corn was also grown and harvested from a</p><br>
<p>high water island in the South Branch Potomac River known simply as "the island." It totals approximately 30 acre, and not reachable by equipment is no longer farmed. Washington also kept bulls on a feed lot, near the barn area. This lot was used for feeding the dairy cattle into the 1950s by the Brinker family.</p><br>
<h4>Slavery</h4><br>
<p>George W. Washington and his family owned 16 slaves in 1850, and 20 are listed on the 1860 slave schedule census.</p><br>
<p>William Bias, one of the Washington familys slaves, and his wife Ann, took the surname Washington and were conveyed by Susan Blue Parsons 2 acre from Wappocomo plantation on November 7, 1874. William and Ann Washingtons home, known as Washington Place, was one of the first residences in Hampshire County built by freed slaves. William Washington later acquired other properties on the hills north of Romney along what is now West Virginia Route 28 and became the first African-American land developer in the state of West Virginia. One of his subdivisions is the "Blacks Hill" neighborhood of Romney, adjacent to the Washington Place homestead.</p><br>
<h4>American Civil War</h4><br>
<h4>="Camp Washington"=</h4><br>
<p>Ridgedale was the scene of activity during the American Civil War. The Washington family hid Confederate soldiers in the house. According to Washington family tradition, General Ashby had his headquarters at or near Ridgedale. Another account places Captain Ashbys mortal wounding by a bayonet thrust at a battle with Union forces at Dans Run along the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad on June 26, 1861. He was placed in a room associated with Ridgedales ballroom and died there after about a week. He was cared for until he died on July 3, 1861. At his request, he was supposedly buried under an oak tree at the Indian Mound Cemetery in Romney. After the war, he was reinterred with his brother Turner Ashby at Stonewall Cemetery in Winchester, Virginia in 1866. Their grave is marked "The Brothers Ashby."</p><br>
<p>George W. Washington kept a journal of the happenings of this period, which has preserved valuable information concerning the period of the American Civil War in Hampshire County.</p><br>
<p>Washingtons sons, Edward and John, both joined the Hampshire Guards before the American Civil War began, and left for Harpers Ferry in May 1861. John was killed in the Battle of Cold Harbor the following year. His son Edward was wounded in the Battle of Antietam and acted as a courier for Generals Stonewall Jackson and Jubal Anderson Early and later took part in the capture of General George Crook and Benjamin Franklin Kelley when he acted as a guide for the McNeills Rangers. Two of Edward&#39;s sisters, Rebecca and Etta, were sent from Hampshire County to carry a message to General Jackson, then stationed near Winchester, that the Union forces were in possession of Romney. They rode horseback for their entire journey and carried the message under the saddle.</p><br>
<h4>=Southern Methodist support=</h4><br>
<p>Washington was an early supporter of the Southern Methodists in Hampshire County, of which he alludes to in his 1868 journal. He was one of the trustees who purchased land in 1851 in the town of Springfield in order to construct a church building for the Methodist Episcopal Church South, after Methodists split into northern and southern factions in 1846. Washington states that he and his family had not been able to attend the Springfield Methodist Church while it was in the process of being repaired after the American Civil War.</p><br>
<h3>Robert M. Washington</h3><br>
<p>George W. Washington died on February 6, 1876 and his will was proved four days later. His wife Sally died in 1886. They are buried at Indian Mound Cemetery in Lot 78 in Romney. The farm continued in son Roberts hands when he purchased it in January 1879 from the other heirs and devisees of his father. Those signing the conveyance were the following: his mother Sally; Edward Washington and his wife Susan; James B. Rees and wife Rebecca (Washington); Ettie Washington; George W. Washington and wife Ann E. John J. Inskeep and wife Bettie Washington; and Sallie G. Washington. Robert retained ownership of the farm until his death in 1930. Approximately 500 acre of the farm were sold in 1936 by Washingtons heirs to the Brinker brothers of Cumberland, Maryland.</p><br>
<h4>Baltimore and Ohio Railroad</h4><br>
<p>The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad built a line near the farm in 1883. This line served the communities from Green Spring, West Virginia to Petersburg. The railroad had a siding on the farm to drop supplies as needed, such as fencing and other materials. This was in place until 1930. The South Branch Valley Railroad continues to operate on the old Baltimore and Ohio line near Washington Bottom Farm.</p><br>
<h3>Brinker family</h3><br>
<p>Brothers Fred, George, and Joseph Brinker had owned a machinery dealership in Cumberland. They converted the horse barn into a dairy barn and began to operate a dairy business in 1940. In 1943, Fred&#39;s son Charles W. and wife Dorothy and two children moved from Baltimore, Maryland to Springfield, West Virginia, to help operate the dairy farm. In 1950, they purchased a half interest, and after the accidental farm-related death of Fred Brinker, they acquired the remaining interest in the farm from family members. Charles and Dorothy Brinker lived at the farm for fifty years and operated the dairy with the help of their four children: Fred, Maryann, Robert, and Terry.</p><br>
<p>Washington Bottom Farm was then owned by Robert C. Brinker and his wife, Loretta. With their sons, Matthew and Michael, the farm was expanded in fall 2001, and the dairy was returned to operation. A milking parlor was installed in the original horse barn to handle 400 head of Holstein cattle. The main crops harvested were corn and hay to support the herd.This operation continued until 2003 when the farm was sold to Carol and Mike Shaw. Although the farm once had 700 acre, it now has a total of 321 acre associated with the early</p><br>
<p>residence and farm buildings.</p><br>
<p>Since the Shaw&#39;s purchased the farm, Ridgedale has undergone an extensive restoration project partially funded from both the West Virginia Division of Culture and History and the United States Department of the Interior through the National Park Service.</p><br>
<p>The Shaw&#39;s use the home as their private residence and give tours upon request.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeology</h2><br>
<p>A small mound, possibly an Indian mound, is to the east of the house.</p><br>
<p>The Edward King House, is a monumentally scaled residence at 35 King street in Newport, Rhode Island. It was designed for Edward King in the "Italian Villa" style by Richard Upjohn and was built between 1845 and 1847, making it one of the earliest representations of the style. It was the largest and grandest house in Newport when it was built. Edward King was the largest landowner in town by 1860, having made his fortune through the China Trade.</p><br>
<p>The house is built in brick, has asymmetrical massing, arched window heads, and a prominent three story tower. It was Upjohn&#39;s first use of the "Italian Villa" style. These elements would later come to be considered typical features of Italianate design.</p><br>
<p>The Edward King House was donated to the city of Newport in 1912 by Edward Kings son and subsequently housed the Newport Public Library. It is now a senior citizens center, The Newport Senior Center at the Edward King House. It was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on 15 October 1970</p><br>
<p>Tomotley  is a prehistoric and historic Native American site in Monroe County, Tennessee, in the southeastern United States. Occupied as early as the Archaic period, the Tomotley site had the most substantial periods of habitation during the Mississippian period, likely when the earthwork mounds were built, and later during the mid to late eighteenth century as a refugee village of Cherokee from the Lower, Middle and Valley towns.</p><br>
<p>The Tomotley site is now submerged by Tellico Lake, an impoundment of the Little Tennessee River managed by the Tennessee Valley Authority. The site is visible from Toqua Beach and the Toqua Boat Ramp, both of which are managed by the Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency.</p><br>
<h2>Geographical setting</h2><br>
<p>The Little Tennessee River traverses northern Monroe County for roughly 40 mi between its Calderwood Lake impoundment near the Tennessee-North Carolina border and its mouth along the Tennessee River near Lenoir City. The impoundment of the river in 1979 by Tellico Dam created Tellico Lake, which covers the rivers lower 33 mi as well as the lower 22 mi of its tributary, the Tellico River. The Tomotley site was situated along the south bank of the Little Tennessee just north of the rivers confluence with Toqua Creek, nearly 22 mi above the river&#39;s mouth along the Tennessee. The Overhill Cherokee village of Toqua and its associated prehistoric site was located on the south side of Toqua Creek, opposite Tomotley.</p><br>
<p>Toqua Beach and the Toqua Boat Ramp, which overlook the Tomotley site, are located along Tennessee State Route 360 (Citico Road), roughly 2 mi south of the road&#39;s junction with USA Route 411 in Vonore.</p><br>
<h2>Historical information</h2><br>
<h3>Etymology</h3><br>
<p>The root of the name "Tomotley" is unknown, although it is generally believed to have originated before the Cherokee occupation. The ethnologist, James Mooney, suggested a possible Creek origin, pointing out the phonetic similarity to the Creek town of Tama&#39;li, which was located on the Chattahoochee River in Georgia. Others have theorized that Tomotley was formed by Lower and Valley town refugees fleeing warfare with the Creek in the mid-18th century, noting that the town name also appears among Lower and Valley Cherokee towns in South Carolina and North Carolina.</p><br>
<h3>Town history</h3><br>
<p>Tomotley first appears in the European colonial historical record in 1756 under the governorship of Attakullakulla. That same year, a small English force under Captain Raymond Demeré arrived in the area to build and garrison Fort Loudoun. The garrison was greeted at Tomotley by Kanagatucko (Old Hop), who told Demeré, "I am now old and lie upon a bad bearskin. My life is not more than an inch long." William de Brahm, who designed the fort, resided at Tomotley while the fort was being constructed in late 1756.</p><br>
<p>Around this time, a sharp political rift occurred between pro-French and pro-English factions in the Cherokee hierarchy. When pro-French sentiments began to prevail in the key Overhill town of Great Tellico, its pro-English headman, Ostenaco, was forced to flee to the Little Tennessee Valley. By the time Henry Timberlake visited the Little Tennessee Valley on his peace mission in 1761, Ostenaco was governor of Tomotley (Attakullakulla was listed as governor of nearby Tuskegee and Mialoquo).</p><br>
<p>During the American Revolution and Cherokee–American wars, most of the Overhill towns were destroyed by American forces. Tomotleys location at a strategic ford along the Little Tennessee led to its being the first of the Overhill towns captured by William Christians expedition in 1776. When John Sevier invaded the valley three years later, he reported that Tomotley was still in ruins.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeological work at the Tomotley site</h2><br>
<p>The first major archaeological investigation at the Tomotley site was conducted by J.W. Emmert of the Smithsonian Institution in the 1880s. Emmert located two mounds at the site, one of which was 8 ft high and had a diameter of 58 ft. Both contained human burials.</p><br>
<p>In anticipation of the inundation of the lower Little Tennessee Valley by the creation of Tellico Lake, the University of Tennessee Department of Anthropology (under contract with the National Park Service) surveyed the area in 1967. Test excavations were conducted at the Tomotley site that same year in an attempt to locate the historical village. As the Tellico Dam project stalled, the University of Tennessee was able to conduct more extensive excavations at Tomotley in 1973, 1974, and 1976. The excavations located 19 Cherokee and pre-Cherokee structures, including Tomotley&#39;s councilhouse, 18 human burials, and several thousand ceramic, stone, and bone artifacts.</p><br>
<p>While the site yielded evidence of Archaic and Woodland period occupation, excavation revealed that Tomotley&#39;s most substantial periods of habitation occurred during the Mississippian period (1000-1500 A.D.), when the mounds were built; and during the Overhill Cherokee period (18th century). Excavations also uncovered a number of Euro-American artifacts, some of which may have originated with the Fort Loudoun garrison.</p><br>
<h3>Tomotley's Cherokee inhabitants</h3><br>
<p>Prior to excavation, historians had thought that Tomotley was founded by refugees from the Cherokee Middle, Lower, or Valley towns when they fled warfare with the Creek and later the English, whose attacks destroyed their towns in the mid-18th century. The goals of the 1976 excavations were to shed light on this theory by determining the location and structure of Tomotleys councilhouse, analyzing Tomotleys Cherokee dwellings, and establishing the general layout of the village.</p><br>
<p>The dwellings uncovered at Tomotley provided some of the strongest evidence of non-Overhill occupation. Of the 19 structures uncovered at Tomotley, one was octagonal (the council-house), and the rest were either square or rectangular in shape. The lack of circular structures was inconsistent with historical accounts of Overhill Cherokee dwellings, which typically consisted of a circular ("winter") house and a rectangular ("summer") house. Archaeological investigations at Overhill sites such as Toqua, Chota, and Citico uncovered substantial evidence of circular structures.</p><br>
<p>But, circular structures were not common among Lower and Valley towns. Other evidence supporting occupation by refugees from these areas includes the ceramic material uncovered during the 1973-1974 excavations. The artifacts bore more similarities to Middle and Chickamauga Cherokee (Lower Cherokee) ceramics than to Overhill ceramics.</p><br>
<p>Torna Fort, also known as Prachandagad, is a large fort located in Pune district, in the Indian state of Maharashtra. It is historically significant because it was the first fort captured by Shivaji Maharaj in 1643, at the age of 16, forming the nucleus of the Maratha empire. The hill has an elevation of 1,403 m above sea level, making it the highest hill-fort in the district. The name derives from Prachanda  and gad .</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This fort is believed to have been constructed by the Shaiva Panth, followers of the Hindu god Shiva, in the 13th century. A Menghai Devi temple, also referred to as the Tornaji temple, is situated near the entrance of the fort.</p><br>
<p>In 1643, Shivaji Maharaj captured this fort at the age of sixteen, thus making it one of the first forts that would become one of the forts of the Maratha empire. Shivaji Maharaj renamed the fort Prachandagad as Torna, and constructed several monuments and towers within it.</p><br>
<p>In the 18th century, the Mughal empire briefly gained control of this fort after assassination of Shivaji Maharaj&#39;s son Sambhaji. Aurangzeb, then Mughal emperor, renamed this fort Futulgaib in recognition of the difficult defense the Mughals had to overcome to capture this fort. It was restored to the Maratha confederacy by the Treaty of Purandar.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The fort is about 50 km southwest of Pune in the Western Ghats Sahyadri mountain range at the base village Velhe. One can go from Pune via Satara road take right at Nasrapur. It is the highest fort in Pune district.</p><br>
<h2>Tourism</h2><br>
<p>The Torna Fort is a popular destination for trekkers especially after the south-west monsoon, from September to December. Trekkers can stay in the Menghai Devi temple. The Raigad, Lingana, Rajgad, Purandar fort, Sinhagad are seen from Torna.</p><br>
<p>However, it is recommended that, trekkers should not stay up on the fort. Staying up on the fort, results in littering the fort. Some people who don&#39;t know the etiquette of mountains and nature end up discharging stool in the area near by historical monuments or on the pathways.</p><br>
<p>Tourists prefer to stay at a.</p><br>
<h3>Routes</h3><br>
<p>Travellers from Pune start in the early morning from Swargate bus stand (6:30 am first bus to Velhe reaches around 8:20 am till Velhe the base village). The relevant routes go via Khed Shivapur, Cheladi/ Nasarapur/ Baneshwar, then Winzar, to the village of Velhe. The main path to Torna starts from here, and local people can help with directions. The way to the top is moderate to difficult, with some precautions to be taken in the rainy season. It is a two- or three-hour climb to the "Bini Darwaaja", the main entrance to the fort.Britishers said "If Sinhagad fort is lions den then Torna is Eagles Nest.</p><br>
<p>Alternatively, there is a pleasant and interesting ridge walk of 5–6 hours from the fort at Rajgad. This starts from "Alu Darwaaja" of Rajgad, near the left side of "Sanjeevani Machi", and ends at Torna Fort&#39;s "Budhla Machi".</p><br>
<h2>images</h2><br>
<p>The First Baptist Church is a historic church building in Muskogee, Oklahoma. The church was built in 1903 and was the first church building for the African-American population of Muskogee County. It was built in a Romanesque Revival style. It features two asymmetrical, crenalated towers and a steeply pitched gabled roof. The build is clad in two types of red brick. The two types of brick are separated by a rusticated limestone belt course. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984 for architectural significance and for its importance in local African-American history.</p><br>
<p>First Baptist "evolved from a mission school founded in 1877 for blacks and Indians". It is one of four churches included in the Black Protestant Churches of Muskogee Theme Resource study.</p><br>
<p>Muskogee had a "thriving" black community with a business district of "several retail stores, physicians and attorneys offices, a black-owned bank, and a black newspaper, the Muskogee Cimeter." The population included 7,831 blacks in 1910 (31% of the total Muskogee population).</p><br>
<p>Traverse des Sioux is a historic site in the USA state of Minnesota. Once part of a preindustrial trade route, it commemorates that route, a busy river crossing on it, a nineteenth-century settlement, trading post, and mission at that crossing place, a transshipment point for pelts in fur trading days, and an important treaty with Native Americans which dispossessed the Dakota people of part of their homeland and opened up much of southern Minnesota to white settlement.</p><br>
<p>Formerly a Minnesota state park, the site of the old settlement and river ford is now a State Historic Site</p><br>
<h2>Name and location</h2><br>
<p>Traverse is a French word that means crossing, and some sources state that its use in the name refers to the crossing of the Minnesota River at this location. Thomas, "Historic river crossing rediscovered". These sources use language similar to Thomas Hughes&#39; paper presented to the Minnesota Historical Society on September 9, 1901, which states:</p><br>
<p>Traverse des Sioux, being the French translation of its Dakota name “Oiyuwega,” (crossing), was then, and from time immemorial memorial had been, the most important point on the Minnesota. The excellent river crossing there found, together with its position where the great forest of the east and the vast plains of the west naturally met, where the Blue Earth and its tributaries were conveniently accessible, and where the headwaters of the Minnesota and Red rivers could be reached by a short cut over land, made Traverse des Sioux the natural capital of the Sioux country.</p><br>
<p>Hughes (1901), p. 104. At least one scholarly source however states that Traverse des Sioux is named for the transit of the prairie to the west, and not for the river crossing. As used by the French Canadian voyageurs and their Métis relatives and descendants, a traverse was a crossing from a safe resting place across an open area to another point of shelter, such as a voyageurs’ crossing of hazardous waters from point to point rather than along a sheltered shore, or its correlate on land, a crossing by Métis ox cart brigades of open prairie from one secure resting place to another. The settlement at Traverse des Sioux was a destination of Métis carters during the days of the Red River Trails, and was also home of a voyageur community during the same time.</p><br>
<p>Nineteenth-century explorer John C. Frémont used the term Traverse des Sioux to refer to the transit across the plain west of the river. Westbound travelers left the Minnesota River at the settlement of Traverse des Sioux and went directly west across the open prairie, leaving the shelter of the wooded riverbank in order to shortcut the right-angle elbow of the river at Mankato. They returned to the river near the mouth of the Cottonwood River at modern New Ulm.John C. Frémont describes his 1838 westward crossing of the traverse in his Memoirs:The Traverse des Sioux is a crossing-place about thirty miles long, where the river makes a large rectangular bend, coming down from the northwest and turning abruptly to the northeast.... In this great elbow of the river is the Marahtanka or Big Swan Lake, the summer resort of the Sissiton Sioux. Our way over the crossing lay between the lake and the river. At the end of the Traverse we returned to the right shore at the mouth of the Waraju or Cottonwood River...</p><br>
<p>Frémont, (1886), p. 34; see also Gilman, p. 94, fn. 27.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>A ford of the Minnesota River existed from Pre-contact times. A trading post at the site of the crossing likely existed in the last half of the eighteenth century, and a number of fur traders had establishments there in the first half of the nineteenth century. An Indian mission was established there in 1843, and by 1851 the settlement had two missionaries and their families, a school, several fur trading establishments, a few cabins of French voyageurs, and twenty to thirty Indian lodges. By the 1840s it was used as a transshipment point in the fur trade. Pelts from upstream fur posts and from collection points as far away as Pembina and Fort Garry, Canada, were brought by ox cart trains traveling on the West Plains Trail, the westernmost of the Red River Trails. At Traverse des Sioux the furs were transferred to flatboats bound for Mendota, Minnesota and eastern markets. In the later part of that period some cart trains went all the way to Mendota or Saint Paul, Minnesota, where the furs were taken by Mississippi riverboat to markets downriver.</p><br>
<p>In 1851 the Treaty of Traverse des Sioux was signed at the post, by which tribes of the Sioux people were induced to cede 24 million acres (97,000 km²) of land for seven cents per acre, opening up vast areas of Minnesota Territory to non-native settlement. The lands surrendered including Minnesota west of the Mississippi and south of the lands of the Ojibway, all of what later became South Dakota east of the Big Sioux River, and much of northern Iowa.</p><br>
<p>After the treaty a town was platted, which kept the settlement&#39;s name. Its seventy buildings included two hotels, several churches, and five taverns. The old town was abandoned by 1869.</p><br>
<h2>Preservation</h2><br>
<p>In 1905 a legislative commission was formed to identify the site of the 1851 treaty. Investigation located the spot, which was dedicated in 1914. Traverse des Sioux Treaty Site Park was established by legislative action, but little development occurred.</p><br>
<p>The park was reclassified as a state wayside park in 1937, and efforts were made to acquire additional land. By 1963 these efforts had stopped, and the site was inundated by the devastating 1965 floods of the Minnesota and Upper Mississippi Rivers. In 1969 however expansion was authorized, and the foundation ruins of the townsite were marked. In 1980 the wayside and townsite were removed from the state park system and transferred to the control of the Minnesota Historical Society; the additional land went to the city of Saint Peter.</p><br>
<p>A self-guided tour of the town and treaty site is available, and the Nicollet County Historical Society maintains its headquarters at the adjacent Treaty Site History Center, with exhibits about the treaty and other area history. The site is managed by the Nicollet County Historical Society in partnership with the Minnesota Historical Society.</p><br>
<p>In recent years historians have been able to locate the site of the river ford, and using an old map, have related it to the location of the fur post, cemetery, and other features of the old settlement. Archaeologists have also found Paleo-Indian projectile points estimated to be 9,000 years old, indicating the site was inhabited or visited by Native Americans for many millennia.</p><br>
<p>The Alexis LaTour House also known as, "Old Homeplace; Guillory et al. </p><br>
<p>(Syllabus by the Court.) et al. (Supreme Court of Louisiana. Jan. 5, 1914.)</p><br>
<p>(Syllabus by the Court.) Homeplace is an historic house in Ville Platte, Louisiana. The oldest portion of the house was built in 1835 by Alexis LaTour. The house was expanded in 1837. The original house was a -story Creole cottage of bousillage construction that was one room wide and two rooms deep and had a front gallery. The 1837 expansion added two rooms and a central hall. Details of the house, including an exterior staircase, bousillage construction, and beaded clapboarding, ceiling beams, and ceiling boards were common in traditional Creole architecture. Both the older and the newer part of the house had unusual mantels. The older mantel featured cove moldings, panels, and a large central lozenge. The other mantels in the house were more traditional but were still unusual.</p><br>
<p>In 1900 several modifications were made including the addition of Queen Anne style dormer windows and a large rear wing. Over time, other, smaller modifications have been made including the replacement of windows and doors, the replacement of the original gallery columns, and the replacement of front, exterior staircase. Despite the modifications, the house still retains significant integrity, including the basic Creole form of the house, the bousillage construction, the copious beading, and the original mantels. The house is the best detailed and largest surviving early structure in Evangeline Parish. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1987 for architectural significance; it was delisted in 2015.</p><br>
<p>The King George VI Reservoir in England lies to the south of Stanwellmoor near Stanwell and Heathrow. The reservoir was opened in November 1947 and named after the then reigning monarch King George VI. It is owned by Thames Water.</p><br>
<p>The reservoir occupies 350 acre and holds 3,493 million imperial gallons (15,880,000 m). Its maximum height above the original ground level is 56 ft. Like the other Lower Thames reservoirs, it is of traditional earthen dam construction, with a puddled clay core supported by ballast embankments built from materials excavated on site.Henry Hewlett Long-Term Benefits and Performance of Dams (Proceedings the 13th Conference of the British Dam Society held at the University of Kent, June 2004) Thomas Telford 2004</p><br>
<p>It is entirely man-made, as the area had no natural topographical features that could be dammed off to create a reservoir. To make inspecting the integrity of the reservoir easier, Thames Water maintains a commercial flock of sheep on the reservoir banks to keep the grass on the reservoir banks close-cropped.</p><br>
<p>The reservoir was completed in 1939 but was left empty due to the outbreak of the Second World War. It was reputed that a mock Clapham Junction railway station was built inside to confuse the Luftwaffe. The reservoir was used for fog dispersal experiments in the development of the FIDO landing system.</p><br>
<p>This reservoir and the adjacent Staines Reservoirs receive their input from the River Thames at Hythe End just above Bell Weir Lock. The Staines Aqueduct continues eastwards, passing the Water Treatment Works at Kempton Park, to supply the Water Treatment Works at Hampton. The other adjacent reservoir, Wraysbury Reservoir, is situated to the west on the other side of the M25.</p><br>
<p>The reservoir forms part of the Staines Moor Site of Special Scientific Interest. The reservoirs carry nationally important wintering populations of tufted ducks, pochard, goosander and goldeneye.</p><br>
<p>The David Sears House is a historic house at 42–43 Beacon Street in the Beacon Hill neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts. The three story house was built in several stages between 1816 and 1875. Now a National Historic Landmark, it was one of the first houses built of granite in the city, and was designed by Alexander Parris for David Sears, a prominent merchant, philanthropist, and landowner. The carved granite panels that adorn the facade were carved by Solomon Willard.</p><br>
<p>The original 1816 house was a two-story L-shaped structure with a hip roof, with a facade that was seven bays wide. In c. 1824 Sears had the building nearly doubled in size, adding three bays to the facade, and moving the front door to its present location. In 1875, after the building was acquired by the Somerset Club, the third floor was added, changing the roof from a hip to a gable. This work also included renovations to the interior of the first two floors. The building was again enlarged to the rear in 1900, adding additional space for servants.</p><br>
<p>The house is still owned by Somerset Club, and is not open to the general public. It was designated a National Historic Landmark and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1970.</p><br>
<p>The Cotton Theatre, also known as Regent Theatre and Oster Regent Theatre, is a theater located at the corner of 1st Street and Main Street in downtown Cedar Falls, Iowa, United States. It was named for local Cedar Falls resident Frank Cotton who built the theater in 1909 and 1910.</p><br>
<p>In its 1993 nomination to the National Register of Historic Places it was deemed "one of the best examples of commercial architecture on Cedar Falls&#39; main street" and was then the only existing theatre there. It is in Italian Renaissance style.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The opening night of the Cotton Theatre was Thursday, June 23, 1910. On that night, The Rejuvenation of Aunt Mary, chosen from the May Robson Company, was shown. The original theater had seating for 1,000 patrons.</p><br>
<p>In 1918, the name was changed to Regent Theatre. In 1991 the Blair family along with the Beck Trust gave the theater to the Cedar Falls Community Theatre. In 1994, it was restored at a price of $1.2 million and was given the new name Oster Regent Theatre. The theater is still widely used today and seats 500 people.</p><br>
<p>The theatre was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1993.</p><br>
<p>Fish Creek Falls is a waterfall located about 5 miles to the east of Steamboat Springs, Colorado in Routt National Forest. Fish Creek runs from several small lakes in the Rabbit Ears Range of Colorado. In the summertime, the road to Fish Creek Falls becomes often clogged in mid-afternoon with tourists wanting to see the 283 ft waterfall. It is possible to hike all the way to the terminus of the waterfall through giant boulders and rushing water. There are two hiking trails from the parking lot at the end of Fish Creek Fall Road. One is 1/4 of a mile  and goes through several Aspen groves with the occasional Subalpine Fir. It ends at a viewing station where the entirety of the falls can be seen. The other trail goes straight down into the U-Shaped valley formed by glaciers. As it nears the bottom of the valley, one can hear the rushing sound of water over the fall and see beautiful Fish Creek. The trail continues on to Upper Fish Creek Falls and then on to the Wyoming Trail, a long trail running the northwestern mountains of Colorado to Wyoming. The falls provide a great place for ice climbing in the winter when 300+ inches of snow  fall on the mountains east of Steamboat Springs.</p><br>
<p>Port Taranaki is a port complex located in New Plymouth, New Zealand. It is the only deep water port on the west coast of New Zealand, and is owned by the Taranaki Regional Council. The port handles a wide range of coastal and international cargoes, mostly relating to the farming, engineering and petrochemical industries. Shipping volumes decreased significantly over the period 2012 to 2015.</p><br>
<p>Adjacent features include the city of New Plymouth, the New Plymouth Power Station and the Sugar Loaf Islands Marine Protected Area (SLIMPA).</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The port was established in 1875, and construction of the main breakwater began in 1881 with Frederic Carrington ceremoniously laying the first stone.</p><br>
<p>In 2007, Port Taranaki became the first port in New Zealand to receive official recognition for its harbour safety management systems.</p><br>
<p>In 2013, the port purchased most of the site of the decommissioned New Plymouth Power Station. This site is adjacent to the port and provided an additional 18 ha of land.</p><br>
<p>In 2016, the port became the first port in New Zealand to be smoke free.</p><br>
<p>Emmanuel Episcopal Church, Pittsburgh, is an active parish of the Episcopal Diocese of Pittsburgh. It is known for offering a Sunday evening service of Jazz Vespers. Its 1886 church building is known for its architectural features and was one of the last designs by Henry Hobson Richardson. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 2000.</p><br>
<p>Though brick was selected for reasons of economy, the brickwork is one of the church’s most striking features. Unlike most of Richardson&#39;s buildings, Emmanuel Episcopal’s wall surfaces have fairly plain surfaces. They do not have a rough surface, moldings, belt courses or other projections to break up the planes or produce shadow lines, though the bricks do project from the main wall surface just below the eave line in two steps of different dimension to give a pleasing string course effect. Stone is used only as sills for the windows, and springing from the three entrance arches and where the foundation is exposed.</p><br>
<p>This simplicity is relieved, in part, by patterning the brickwork. Of particular note, the repetitive triangular pattern at the roofline is called “mousetooth.” The brick patterning gives the impression of finely woven fabric. The sharply incised windows and doors produce dramatic voids.</p><br>
<p>One of the best known features of Emmanuel Episcopal Church is a mistake. The lower section of the side wall is intended to slope inward as it rises (this is called battering). The upper wall outward slope started to take place shortly after construction. Richardson died a month after the church&#39;s dedication so his former employees, Longfellow, Alden & Harlow, were hired but they were unsuccessful in pinpointing the cause. However, when the firm added the parish house to the far side of the church, the slope stopped increasing.</p><br>
<p>The building&#39;s is located at 957 West North Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania at the corner of Allegheny Avenue on the North Side of Pittsburgh. This area was part of the City of Allegheny until 1907 when it was annexed by Pittsburgh and renamed the North Side.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1867 Emmanuel Episcopal Church began as a mission fulfilling the need for a Sunday school for the children of English workmen.</p><br>
<p>At first it met in homes and then in rented rooms. Membership grew to 76 people in 1868 when they received a church charter. The next year they built a frame church.</p><br>
<p>By 1875 the area became fashionable and the frame church became too small. The building committee was formed in 1882 with Postmaster Malcolm Hay as chairman. The land for the new church was purchased for $750 in 1883. H. H. Richardson was selected as the architect at the same time he was designing Pittsburgh&#39;s Allegheny County Courthouse and Jail in January, 1884. The church was dedicated in March, 1886.</p><br>
<p>Over the next 20 years the neighborhood became much less fashionable, larger mansions were torn down, and new houses were built for the working class. Due to the financial straits of the congregation, the church was not renovated for many years.</p><br>
<p>Designed by Richardson, the church was erected in 1884–1886 and built by Henry Shenk. The original plans were for a stone building of about the same size as the present church, but with central-tower theme, similar to the Trinity Church in Boston. The cost estimate of $25,000 was too high, and the congregation rejected the plans. The new budget was $12,000 and plans for the smaller brick church were approved.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The church is one of the finest later works of H.H. Richardson. The simple design gives vitality via the delicate brick detailing and the laminated truss system. The building is a one-story, simple rectangle with semicircular apse at one end with over-all dimensions of 49 4" x 100 0". The walls are of red brick with several subtle patterns, the richest being on the gable end. The semicircular apse continues around the exterior wall at the other end of the building. The battered bases continue the line of the roof slope. Bands of vertical brick, or soldier’s course, run across at the top and bottom of the windows, and the brick at the edge of the gables are at right angles to the slope.</p><br>
<p>The roof has a steep gable covered by slate with a molded copper ridge plate. The steep roof descends to low sidewalls. The cornice has a three-course corbel at the eaves. Three low dormers protrude about one-third up the gable roof on the east and west elevations.</p><br>
<p>The entrance facade is on the north side with an unadorned high gable and subtly patterned brickwork. There are three low wide arches with the center being the largest. The front façade contains three arched windows made of Tiffany glass above the entrance doors, taller in proportion than the entrance arches. There is a slot window in the center of the third level with a flat brick arch. Stone steps lead to the large arched wood double doors painted red with large elaborate black iron hinges.</p><br>
<p>The interior is rectangular in plan with a center aisle. The semicircular apse at the south end of the building is partially cut off from the nave by banks of organ pipes at either side. A narrow rectangular open narthex at the north end with a small enclosed winder stair on the west wall leads to the balcony. The narthex is 10 x 448&quot the nave is 606" x 448&quot and the apse has a 22&#39;4" radius.</p><br>
<p>The walls have marble reredos, made by Leake and Greene of Pittsburgh, with bands of mosaic in the chancel. In the nave, the walls are random width beaded board wainscoting with chair rail. Above the chair rail, pink plaster rises up to the heavily molded wood cornice. The wood-truss system is exposed to the ceiling.</p><br>
<p>The side windows contain Romanesque stained glass, and Tiffany glass is in the triple window in the entrance gable. The floors are modern vinyl tile in the nave and marble in the chancel. In the 1998 restoration, the oak and ash furniture was removed and cleaned and then put back in their original positions. A 3 ft brass cross, given by Bishop Cortlandt Whitehead in August, 1886 is still on the altar, and the brass eagle lectern made by Gorham in New York is still in place. The baptismal font and cover are original.</p><br>
<p>The Buckingham Friends Meeting House is a historic Quaker meeting house at 5684 Lower York Road  in Buckingham Township, Bucks County, Pennsylvania. Built in 1768 in a "doubled" style, it is nationally significant as a model for many subsequent Friends Meeting Houses. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 2003.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first meeting house on the site was built from logs in 1705–1708 by English Quakers, some of the earliest settlers in the area. The second meetinghouse was a wooden frame building. The third was a stone building built c. 1731. Remnants of some of these buildings, especially stone mounting blocks used to help mount horses, are scattered around the property. A stone schoolhouse was built to the east of the meetinghouse in 1798, and forms the nucleus of the current Buckingham Friends School. The current building was completed in 1768 and was the first of the doubled type meeting houses that became the standard form of Quaker meeting house for the next 100 years.</p><br>
<p>Earlier meeting houses were generally single-cell structures, that were often divided by a partition into two unequally sized for separate mens and womens business meetings. Men and women met together for worship and were separated for business meetings. Buckingham&#39;s design is a two-cell symmetrical form with roughly equal-sized sections.</p><br>
<p>After this change in design, men and women would sit on separate sides of the partition for both worship and business meetings, with the partition closed only during business meetings. About this time written Quaker discipline became more standardized, which may have encouraged the two-cell form as a uniform meeting house design. In particular, marrying a non-Quaker became grounds for disownment or being "read out of the meeting." Since marriage was in the purview of the women&#39;s business meeting, their business meeting acquired a higher status and needed increased space.</p><br>
<p>The use of the Buckingham Meeting House as a model began within a few years of its completion. In New Jersey at least five meeting houses were built in the doubled style by 1788, with several being designed by committees who travelled to see the Meeting House.</p><br>
<p>The Quaker ideal of simplicity was perhaps ignored by the Buckingham Meeting House&#39;s Georgian architectural design, which may reflect the affluence of the Buckingham Quakers.</p><br>
